Effect characterization

Progestin-only contraceptives (Fig. 4) contain low-doses of progestins (e.g. 350 pg norethindrone or 75 pg norgestrel) that have to be administered daily without interruption. The lowest expected failure rate during the first year of use is 0.5%, while the typical failure rate amounts to 3%. Subdermal implants of norgestrel (216 mg) for sustained release provides for long-term (for up to 5 years) contraceptive effects characterized by failure rates of only 0.05%. Reliable contraception for 3 months can be achieved by an intramuscular injection of a crystalline suspension of 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (Fig. 3) (failure rate 0.3%). 

Lichtman AH, Wiley JL, LaVecchia KL, et al Acute and chronic cannabinoid effects characterization of precipitated withdrawal in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 357 139-148, 1998... 

The acute CNS effects of MDMA administration are mediated by the release of monoamine transmitters, with the subsequent activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor sites.40 As specific examples in rats, MDMA suppresses 5-HT cell firing, evokes neuroendocrine secretion, and stimulates locomotor activity. MDMA-induced suppression of 5-HT cell firing in the dorsal and median raphe involves activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors by endogenous 5-HT.4142 Neuroendocrine effects of MDMA include secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary and corticosterone from the adrenal glands 43 Evidence supports the notion that these MDMA-induced hormonal effects are mediated via postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors in the hypothalamus, which are activated by released 5-HT. MDMA elicits a unique profile of locomotor effects characterized by forward locomotion and elements of the 5-HT behavioral syndrome such as flattened body posture, Straub tail, and forepaw treading.44 6 The complex motor effects of MDMA are dependent on monoamine release followed by activation of multiple postsynaptic 5-HT and DA receptor subtypes in the brain,47 but the precise role of specific receptor subtypes is still under investigation. 

A case report of acute arsine poisoning in which a 27-y-old man was exposed to arsine during chemical manufacturing was reported by Pinto (1976). The subject was exposed to arsine as a result of arsine production via a reaction between a galvanized bucket and an arsenic-containing sulfuric acid solution. The exposure (duration not specified) produced toxic effects characterized by abdominal cramping, thoracic discomfort, and hematuria. Over the next week, the patient s hematocrit declined from 42.5 to 27.1 and hemoglobin dropped from 14.1 to 9.5 g/dL even with medical intervention (blood transfusions and mannitol diuresis). Nine hours after exposure, blood arsenic was 159 g/dL and urinary arsenic was 1862 ug/L. 

The results from VIRS analyses are amenable to several methods of interpretation. In the simplest sense, the spectra can be used as empirical measurements on given rock types or formations, without specific reference to the causative minerals. We have found that superficially identical rock types with different geological contexts can in some cases be effectively characterized and discriminated. The comparison of measured spectra with reference spectra from minerals is the main tool used for identification, and is very effective in cases where samples are monomineralic or dominated by a single infrared active species. The size of the area analyzed is 1 cm in diameter. Computer programs with variable levels of automation can speed the process of identification, but... 

The quantities that have been presented do effectively characterize the electrostatic potential on a molecular surface. We have shown that a number of macroscopic, condensed-phase properties that depend upon noncovalent interactions can be expressed in terms of some subset of these quantities (frequently... 

Riley, J.S. Baer, T. Marbury, G.D. Sequential Ortho Effects Characterization of Novel [M-35] Fragment Ions in the Mass Spectra of 2-Alkyl-4,6-Dinitrophenols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1991, 2,69-75. 

Rats fed 62 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks exhibited no overt toxicity. Kidney effects characterized by increased kidney weights and microscopic changes (tubular atrophy, degeneration, hypertrophy and/or dilation) were observed in males at 15 and 62 mg/kg/day in females tubular atrophy and degeneration of the kidneys were observed only at the highest dose. Both sexes also had increased liver weights at 62 mg/kg/day. ... 

To effectively characterize the potential olfactory properties of any molecule, it is necessary to use an appropriate set of molecular descriptors. While... 

The integrated modeling methodology is useful for several applications. These include the ability to determine the optimal amount of material to deposit before CMP, the provision of an effective characterization scheme through the use of planarization length as a process performance monitor [29, 55], and the correct prediction of post-CMP ILD thickness variation, which is useful for assessing the impaet of such variation on circuit performance [24,56]. 

Paradoxically, perhaps, DA antagonists have antidepressant properties (Robertson and Trimble 1982]. Controlled trials have established that some neuroleptics have antidepressant effects characterized by an early onset of action and relative lack of side effects. Furthermore, two drugs that are chemically related to the established neuroleptics loxapine and flupentixol and that retain substantial DA antagonism are marketed in various countries... 

S. M., Sanderson, H., Sibley, P.K. and van den Brink, P.J. (2008) Extrapolation for criteria setting and risk assessment, in Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals, (eds... 

Ratte, H.T., Baird, D.J., Nahholz, J.V. and Sanderson, H. (2008) Extrapolation of effects measures across levels of biological organization in ecological risk assessment, in Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals, (eds K.R. Solomon, T.C.M. Brock, D. de Zwart, S.D. Dyer, L. Posfhuma, S.M. Richards, H. Sanderson, P.K. Sibley and P.J. van den Brink), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis/SETAC, Pensacola, FL,... 

Not everyone reacts to antihistamine-containing sleep aids the same way. Some people, particularly those of Asian descent, are less sensitive to the sedative effects of these medications. Others can have reactions that are opposite to the intended effect of inducing sleepiness—some people feel nervous, jittery, anxious, restless, or agitated after taking antihistamines. This is particularly true in elderly persons and young children. Others can experience a morning hangover effect, characterized by sleepiness, headache, dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. 

Recently, the DAE-0 and DAO-E lattices have been constructed (E. Winfree et al., 1998). With both it is possible to ligate the strands together to get very long reporter strands. The most effective characterization of these arrays has been achieved without ligating them, merely by visualizing them in the atomic force microscope (AFM). It is possible to include a DAO+J or DAE+J motif in these arrays where the J hairpin points up, sometimes DAO+2J or DAE+2J, with one hairpin pointing up and one down these hairpins have no effect on the topology of the array, just as... 

Cryptands 7-9 thus function as receptors for spherical cations. Their special com-plexation properties result from their macropolycyclic nature and define a cryptate effect characterized by high stability and selectivity, slow exchange rates, and efficient shielding of the bound ion from the environment [2.17,2.27]. 

Figure 2.25. Separation of the net exothermal effect (characterized by a temperature increase AT) into components of polymerization ATp and crystallization ATc.

In ecological effects characterization, relevant data are analyzed to evaluate stressor-response relationships and/or to provide evidence that exposure to a stressor causes an observed response. The characterization describes the effects that are elicited by a stressor, links these effects with the assessment endpoints, and evaluates how the effects change with varying stressor levels. The conclusions of the ecological effects characterization are summarized in a stressor-response profile. 

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