Blood erythrocytes

In the case of the capillary blood, it is extremely important that the specimen not be allowed to stand for extensive periods of time before centrifugation. If the blood is to be transferred to the pH meter, then the collecting tube is sealed at both ends during transportation. It is then aspirated into the pH instrument as soon as practicable since one needs a smooth even flow in order to aspirate a specimen into the conventional micro pH meter. After the whole blood has been sampled for various purposes, it is important that the remaining blood be centrifuged promptly. If not, it will clot. Subse-quentially, centrifuging with a clot will tend to hemolyze the blood. Erythrocytes will adhere to the wall and as they are pulled down by the clot, they will be ruptured. Those who do not observe these precautions will find that it is rather difficult to obtain unhemolyzed blood. 

MacGregor, J.T., Wehr, C.M. and Gould, D.H. (1980). Clastogen-induced micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes the basis of an improved micronucleus test. Environ. Mutagen. 2 509-514. 

Significantly increased blood erythrocyte and leukocyte levels were reported in rats exposed to atmospheres containing a chlorine dioxide level of approximately 10 ppm (28 mg/m ), 2 hours/day for 30 days (Paulet and Desbrousses 1970). These effects were not seen in a group of rats similarly exposed to 5 ppm (14 mg/m ). 

To study the mechanism of cytotoxic action of CNT we used a modified method of spin labels [20], which allows the quantitative determination of CNT influence on membrane integrity of human blood erythrocytes, and mitochondrial activity of hepatocytes in rat liver homogenate, without extraction of mitochondria from cells. 

Fig.Zl (a) Influence of CNT concentration in presence of Kj[Fe(CN)J on intensity of the ESR spectra of the paramagnetic label TEMPON control (without CNT) (7) and adding CNT to blood erythrocytes at 0.01 (2), 0.05 (5), 0.1 (4) and 0.2 (5) mg/mL (b) kinetics of the ESR signal intensity decay of the paramagnetic label in liver homogenate after 4 h inoculation 1 - control (without CNT), 2 - in presence of CNT with concentration 0.2 mg/mL...

Micronucleus formation, male and female B6C3Fi mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes in vivo 1500 ppm by inh x 13 w National Toxicology Program (1997)... 

Inorganic mimic of catalase was prepared according to the well-known technique [5], Partly purified catalase of human blood erythrocytes and trypsine (Sigma Company) were used for the catalase sources. 

Le Curieux F, Marzin D, Erb F. 1992. Genotoxic activity of three carcinogens in peripheral blood erythrocytes of the newt Pleurodeles waltl. Mutat Res 283 157-160. 

When a drug reaches the systemic circulation, either after intravenous administration or after absorption following extravascular administration, it can be distributed in the elements of blood (erythrocytes, etc.) or bind to plasma proteins. Blood transports the drug to different organs where it diffuses at different rates. The drug not bound to plasma proteins will diffuse in the extravascular compartments and tissues where it can then bind to other proteins or other tissue components. 

Transfusion-related acute lung injury is an infrequent but life-threatening complication, clinically indistinguishable from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It can occur after the administration of whole blood, erythrocytes, fresh frozen plasma, or cryoprecipitate, all of which contain variable amounts of plasma. In transfusion-related acute lung injury the symptoms of ARDS (dyspnea, pulmonary edema, severe hypoxia, fever, and hypotension) occur within 1-6 hours from the start of transfusion and usually subside within 1-4 days (44). These symptoms can vary from mild to severe and they lead to death in 5-10% of cases. The reaction may be more frequent than reported because confounding factors can mask the symptoms (45). 

In micronucleus tests, the test in peripheral blood erythrocytes is acceptable as well as the test in bone marrow. In any case, negative results need confirmation that target cells are exposed by the test substance. 

The blood erythrocyte count is increased in smokers. The amount of carboxyhemoglobin may exceed 10% of the total hemoglobin in heavy smokers, and the increased number of cells compensates for impaired ability of the red cells to transport oxygen. The blood PO2 of the habitual smoker is usually about 5 mmHg (0.7 kPa) less than in the nonsmoker, whereas the PCO2 is unaffected. The blood leukocyte concentration is increased by as much as 30% in smokers, but the leukocyte concentration of ascorbic acid is greatly reduced. The lymphocyte count is increased as a proportion of the total leukocyte count. 

CSGMT (1992). Micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes by acridine orange supravital staining the summary report of the 5th collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS.MMS. The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test. Mutat Res 278, 83-98. 

Even if the bone marrow is a well-perfused tissue, chemically unstable compounds and/or metabolites may not reach it in sufficient quantities to induce detectable effects (Brambilla and Martelli 2004 Morita et al. 1997). In a large collaborative study of I ARC carcinogens (groups 1, 2A, and 2B), the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test easily detected compounds able to induce tumors in hematopoietic tissues and lung. In contrast, it predicted only 40% of liver carcinogens (Morita et al. 1997). To solve this issue, chromosome damage, especially micronuclei, can be measured in tissues other than bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes (Hayashi et al. 2007). 

Neat VX, 20 ig kg-1, was applied to the skin of four subjects, while four other subjects received 20 p.g kg-1 mixed 1 1 with octylamine, and four others received neat VX, 35 pg kg-1 (Lubash and Clark, 1960). Seven were symptomatic with insomnia, nightmares, lightheadedness, nausea, epigastric discomfort, vomiting and diarrhea. (The whole blood activity was 14-38% of control in these subjects.) The whole blood erythrocyte activity was above 42% of control activity in the five asymptomatic subjects. Plasma and urinary electrolytes, BSP excretion, SGOT, SGPT and serum amylase were all normal following exposure. 

The structural state of membranes was studied by EPR-spectroscopy using paramagnetic spin probes [8], Rat and mice blood erythrocytes and mice EAC cells were incubated in the presence of ichfan for 45 min then, probes were inserted. The microviscosity of various membrane sites was measured on an ER 200D-SRC spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). Probe I (2.2.6.6-tetramethyl-4-capryloyl-oxypiperidine-l-oxyl) is localized mainly in the surface lipid bilayer of membrane probe II (5.6-benzo-2.2.6.6-tetramethyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-y-carboline-3-oxyl) permeates into deep-located near-protein sites of the lipid bilayer. From the EPR spectra obtained, using the formula for rapidly rotating probes, the rotation correlation time... 

Lundquist, P., Rosling, H., and Sorbo, B., Determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma, Clin. Chem., 31, 591, 1985. 

Primaquine may disrupt the parasite s mitochondria and bind to native DNA. The resulting structural changes create a major disruption in the metabolic process. The gametocyte and exoerythrocyte forms are inhibited. Some gametocytes are destroyed, whereas others are rendered incapable of undergoing maturation division in the mosquito gut. By eliminating tissue (exoerythrocyte) infection, primaquine prevents development of blood (erythrocytic) forms responsible for relapses in vivax malaria. 

The triglyceride plasticizer can be composed of aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (preferably 5 to 9 carbon atoms).A plasticizer of this invention is suggested for use as hemolysis depressant protecting blood erythrocytes in polyvinylchloride appliances for medical applications. 

Shishkina, L. N. Shevchenko, O. G. Lipids of Blood Erythrocytes and their Functional Activity, Recent Biol., 2010,130(6), 587-602. (in Russian). 

Obviously, increased elasticity of animal and hiunan erythrocytes provides their intensive traffic through the capillary network and thus improves micro-circulation and the blood supply of cells and tissues. Moreover, DNIC with glutathione notably enhance microcirculation in animals with hemorrhagic shock by virtue of their ability to enhance elastic properties of blood erythrocytes [52]. 

Gibson et al. [35a] were the first to demonstrate that succinyl-CoA was one of the substrates of ALA-synthetase. In blood erythrocytes containing mitochondria and in fiver cells the main pathway for succinyl-CoA formation appears to be via the enzyme complex a-KG oxidase and the citric acid cycle. The oxidation of a-KG requires the action of five enzymes, each with a different vitamin as prosthetic... 

Saponins are naturally occurring materials, the aqueous solutions of which foam like soaps (sapones). They have a more or less strong haemolysing effect on blood erythrocytes in vitro (295, 316 a]. They can be detected and quantitatively determined with the help of this property [118]. 

Schlegel R, MacGregor JT. 1982. The persistence of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes Detection of chronic chromosome breakage in mice. Mutat Res 104 367-369. 

Schlegel R, MacGregor JT, Everson RB. 1986. Assessment of cytogenetic damage by quantitation of micronuclei in human peripheral blood erythrocytes. Cancer Res 46 3717-3721. 

Adverse events related to transfusion of blood components have been reported, including febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions, mild febrile reactions, acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALl), anaphylactic and other allergic reactions, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), viral infections, post-transfusion bacteremia, transfusion-associated sepsis (TAS), hemosiderosis, post-transfusion purpura, and new allo-antibody formation [18 , 19 ]. Whole blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma for transfusion (fresh frozen plasma, FFP) are involved. Quite a number of these adverse effects, such as TRALl, TACO, TAS, and allergic/anaphylactic reactions can be difficult to evaluate. 

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