Red blood cell erythrocytes

There are undifferentiated stem cells of the blood elements in the bone marrow that differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, (red blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets), and white blood cells (leukocytes and lymphocytes). The production of erythrocytes is regulated by a hormone, erythropoietin (see the section on kidney toxicity), that is synthetized and excreted by the kidney. An increase in the number of premature erythrocytes is an indication of stimulation of erythropoiesis, i.e., increased production of erythrocytes in anemia due to continuous bleeding. 

In mammalian erythrocytes (red blood-cells) the forward (hydration) reaction occurs during the uptake of CO, by blood in tissue, while the backward (dehydration) reaction takes place when the CO, is subsequently released in the lungs. The enzyme increases the rates of these reactions by a factor of about one million. 

Ten types of mature blood cells have been identified each one is derived from primitive hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow erythrocytes (red blood cells) ... 

Polycythemia A condition in which there is a net increase in the total circulating erythrocyte (red blood cell) mass of the body. 

The most numerous of the cellular elements in the blood are the erythrocytes (red blood cells). On average, there are 5 million red blood cells per microliter (pi) of blood, or a total of about 25 to 30 trillion red blood cells in the adult human body. The percentage of the blood made up of red blood cells is referred to as hematocrit. An average hematocrit is about 45% (42% females, 47% males). As such, the viscosity of the blood is determined primarily by these elements. 

Several mechanisms are involved in the permeability through Caco-2 cells. In order to obtain a more pure measure of membrane permeability, an experimental method based on ghost erythrocytes (red blood cells which have been emptied of their intracellular content) and diffusion constant measurements using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been proposed [108]. 

Erythrocytes Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen, [nih]... 

Adi eukaryotic cells begin their existence with a nucleus and its loss or removal normally leads to death of the cell. The exception to this is the reticulocyte which, while within the bone marrow, extrudes its nucleus to form an erythrocyte (red blood cell). 

The solid elements in the blood are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). 

Figure 5.2 All types of blood cells are formed from uncommitted blood (hematopoietic) stem cells in a process called differentiation. Specific protein factors drive the development of erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and the w/hite blood cells including neutrophils and eosinophils, basophils, all with multi-lobed nuclei, and the mononuclear monocytes and lymphocytes that provide specific protein and cellular defenses to the body.

Erythrocytes—Red blood cells the color comes from the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin inside the cell. 

Nearly all the oxygen carried by whole blood in animals is bound and transported by hemoglobin in erythrocytes (red blood cells). Normal human erythrocytes are small (6 to 9 pm in diameter), biconcave disks. They are formed from precursor stem cells called hemocytoblasts. In... 

Another solution of great importance to our lives is the plasma that carries the erythrocytes (red blood cells) through our bodies. These cells can cease to function if the concentrations of solutes in the plasma drift from their proper values. This chapter explains why such changes occur and guides us through building a model for the behavior of solutions. 

Although elemental mercury is rapidly oxidized to mercury(II) in erythrocytes (red blood cells), which have a strong affinity for mercury, a large fraction of elemental mercury absorbed through the pulmonary route reaches the brain prior to oxidation and enters that organ because of the lipid solubility of mercury(O). This mercury is subsequently oxidized in the brain and remains there. Inorganic mercury(II) tends to accumulate in the kidney. 

Because erythrocytes (red blood cells) do not contain any subcellular organelles (they are essentially a membranous sac for carrying hemoglobin) their plasma membrane is a convenient model system for studies of membrane structure as it can readily be isolated from other membranes and intracellular components. One of the major glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes is glycophorin A a 131 amino acid protein that was the first integral protein to be sequenced (see Topic B9). This revealed that the polypeptide chain of glycophorin consists of three domains ... 

As one further explores the chemical and compositional nature of the phospholipids in cells, some very interesting comparisons can be made, admittedly using a broad brush. The distribution of lipids (including cholesterol), human erythrocytes (red blood cells), bovine erythrocytes, and human platelets serve as good examples. This information is provided in Table 1-4. 

Pancytopenia is the reduction in the number of all three major types of blood cells erythrocytes (red blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets), and leukocytes (white blood cells). In adults, all three major types of blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis. The red... 

In 1925 Evert Gorter and F. Grendel estimated that the lipids from erythrocytes (red blood cells), when spread as a monomolecular layer, cover an area nearly twice the surface area of the cells. The amount of lipid present is apparently sufficient to form a double layer in the membrane. Moreover, the penetration of a series of substances across membranes often depends on the relative lipid solubility of the molecules. This circumstantial evidence led to the concept of a biological membrane composed primarily of a lipid bilayer. 

The walls of erythrocytes (red blood cells) are permeable to water. In a salt solution, they shrivel (lose water) when the outside salt concentration is high and swell (take up water) when the outside salt concentration is low. In an experiment at 25°C, an aqueous solution of NaCl that has a freezing point of 0.406°C causes erythrocytes neither to swell nor to shrink, indicating that the osmotic pressure of their contents is equal to that of the NaCl solution. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution inside the erythrocytes under these conditions, assuming that its molarity and molality are equal. 

ChEs are widely distributed in the body. AChEs regulate excitation at cholinergic synapses by destroying the neurotransmitter ACh. These enzymes are some of the most active known, cycling within a few milliseconds. AChEs are found in excitable tissues at synapses, neuromuscular junctions, my-otendinous junctions, central nervous system (CNS) neuron cell bodies, axons, and muscles (Table 2). AChEs are also found in the erythrocytes (red blood cells (RBCs)) of mammals, in the serum of some birds and mammals, and in the blood platelets of... 

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Contain hemoglobin that binds with 02 is exchange for C02... 

H)-19-epiajmalicine, synthesis of 138 epimerizations 103, 178 epitopes, meaning of term 220, 253, 256 epoxides, formation of 112-15 erythrocytes [red blood cells], agglutination of... 

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