Cements bituminous

Bituminous cements were used to fasten ivory eyeballs in statues in 6000-year-old Babylonian temples, and combinations of egg whites and lime were used by the Goths 2000 years ago to fasten Roman coins to wood, bonds that remain intact today [2, p. ix]. Bitumen was supposedly the mortar for the Tower of Babel beeswax and pine tar were used in caulking Roman vessels that dominated the Mediterranean Sea [3, p. 62]. Plant gums and mucilage have been known and in use since very early times, reference being made to them in the Bible they seem to have been of commercial value for several thousand years, especially in India, Asia, Africa, Australia, and China [4, p. viij. 

Bituminous cement n. A black substance available in solid, semisohd, or hquid states at normal temperatures composed of mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons appreciably soluble only in carbon disulfide or other volatile hquid hydrocarbon especially used in seahng built-up roofing and between joints and in cracks of concrete pavements. 

Acid-resisting Cement. The principal types are as follows 1. Silicate an inert filler bonded with silica gel that has been precipitated in situ from Na- or K- silicate in the presence of Na2SiFg, or from silicon ester. 2. Rubber Latex essentially cement sand mixes impregnated with rubber. 3. Synthetic Resin with an inert filler. 4. Sulphur Cements usually with sand as filler. 5. Bituminous Cements. ASTM specifications for these materials are listed in Vol 4-05 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, and number some 25, including specifications for mortars and grouts. 

AsphalNkitt, m. asphalt cement, asphalt mastic, lack, m. asphalt varnish, mastiz, rn. Asphaltkitt. -mehl, n. asphalt powder, papier, n. asphalt paper. pappe, /. asphalt board, pech, n. bituminous pitch, pflaster,... 

Haxz-karboUdsung, /. (Paper) solution of rosin in carbolic acid, -keraselfe, /. rosin curd soap, rosin soap, -kiefer,/. pitch pine, -kitt, m. resinous cement, -kocher, m. (Paper) rosin boiler, -kohle, /. bituminous coal, -kdrper, m. resin(ous) substance, -lack, m. resin lake resin varnish, -leim, m. (Paper) rosin size, -leimung, /. (Paper) sizing with rosin, -leimverseifung, /. rosin-size cutting. ... 

The most common dampproofing treatment for residential foundation walls is a parge coat covered with bituminous asphalt. The parge coat is used for concrete masonry walls but is not necessary for poured concrete walls. This two-stage treatment has been replaced by surface bonding cement in some areas. 

Asphalt is a bituminous substance that is found in natural deposits or as the residual of in petroleum or coal tar refining processes. It has a black or brownish-black color and pitchy luster. It is cement-like in... 

Low- and intermediate-level waste is currently converted to cement and bitumen waste forms, but the existing trend is toward an increase in the radiation safety levels and reliability of immobilization. From this point of view, LILW should also be incorporated in vitreous and crystalline matrices. Current Russian and US experience on vitrification of such waste demonstrates the potential of the melting/vitriflcation process. Major advantages of vitrification over bituminization and cementation are a greater waste volume reduction, higher productivity, and higher durability of the final product. 

Because of transportation costs, the proximity of limestone sources to points of use is highly desirable. The major uses of limesione are in construction lasphalt filler, road stone, riprap, and bituminous aggregatel in Portland cement in agriculture and in metallurgy. ... 

Asphalt cement asphalt especially prepared as to quality and consistency for direct use in the manufacture of bituminous pavements. 

As a fuel, the most common uses of petroleum coke are in firing cement kilns and steam generators. In the cement industry, petroleum coke is suitable as fuel in kilns because of its low ash content, high heating value and the process s high sulfur allowances. As much as 50% coke can be burned in combination with bituminous coal or 75% coke when burned in combination with Oil and/or gas. 

The Cemflame 3 Consortium experiments were concentrated on three different main solid fuels (petcoke. Medium Volatite Bituminous (MVB), and High Volatile Bituminous (HVB) coals) and several alternative fuels (such as sewage sludge, plastics, shredded tires, agglomerates from separation of municipal solid waste, etc.). In total more then 240 flames were measured in a cement kiln simulator and fuel studies were executed in the isothermal plug flow reactor. 

As a source of the dust, it is necessary to consider all the various loose building materials (sand, gravel, cement, lime, bricks, etc.). When handling dry material, the dust nuisance is much greater than when handling moist material. Boiler houses and plants for producing bituminous mixture are source of gaseous emissions. 

Coatings, Paints, cements, bituminous materials, wrappings, and precipitates, such as calcium carbonate, can all act to combat corrosion by isolating either or both the anode or the cathode. 

In many metropolitan areas, the RCM source is from existing Portland cement concrete curb, sidewalk and driveway sections that may or may not be lightly reinforced. The RCM is usually removed with a backhoe or pay loader and is loaded into dump trucks for removal from the site. The RCM excavation may include 10-30% sub-base soil material and asphalt pavement. Therefore, the RCM is not pure Portland cement concrete, but a mixture of concrete, soil, and small quantities of bituminous concrete [159-161]. 

In certain instances, the extracted bitumen will, depending on the solvent, have poorer coking properties than the original coal. However, if the bitumen extract is recombined with the residue and coked, the solid portion of the extract promotes swelling and the liquid portion of the extract promotes cementing. Furthermore, the bituminous extract from a poor coking coal may, when added to... 

CEN EN 12848. 2009. Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of mixing stability with cement of bituminous emulsions. Brussels CEN. 

Mixing stability with cement is the mass of coagulated material (bitumen and cement), which is produced when a bituminous emulsion is mixed with cement under the conditions of the test. 

General and specific requirements for FPC together with minimum test frequencies for FPC, such as equipment calibration requirements, inspection and test frequencies for aggregates, inspection and test frequencies for bituminous emulsions, control of the water, control of the additives (including cement, lime, fibres and chemicals), controls during the process and installation of the slurry surfacing and inspection and test frequencies measured after installation, are given in CEN EN 12273 (2008), Annexes 6.A and 6.B. 

The structural layer coefficients (afj depend on the type and function of layer material. These are asphalt concrete, granular base, granular sub-base, cement-treated and bituminous base. In order to estimate the structural layer coefficients, different charts have been developed. A sample of charts for asphalt concrete and granular base is shown in Figures 13.8 and 13.9. For other materials such as lime, lime fly ash and cement fly ash, the methodology suggests each agency to develop relevant charts. 

As it can be seen, the structural layer coefficients for the granular base or sub-base layers may be derived from different laboratory tests including resilient modulus (Egg or sb)-Similarly, the structural layer coefficients for the cement-treated bases or bituminous-treated bases may be derived from unconfined compressive strength or Marshall stability, respectively, including elastic modulus. 

RA or RAP when properly milled or crushed and screened consists of high-quality well-graded aggregates coated by bitumen (asphalt cement). This material can be used in a number of highway applications such as aggregate substitute and bitumen supplement in hot or cold asphalts (bituminous mixtures), recycled asphalt mixtures, granular base or sub-base, stabilised base aggregate or as an embankment or fill material. 

Piazza, J.L. (1994) Investigations on the reactivities of bituminous and sub-bituminous coal fly ashes in mortars and cement pastes (in German). PhD Thesis, Technical University Clausthal, Germany. 

---