Plant gum

Plant growth regulators Plant gum exudates Plant layout... 

Plant Gums. There are a large number of plant gums that find appUcation as fat replacers (Table 4) (see Gums, industrial). Many are dried plant exudates. A good review of plant gums exists, giving sources, uses, and an extensive Ust of references (50). There is also a weU-known text avaUable... 

A wide variety of plant exudates have been used ia foods and medicines for centuries, including acacia, karaya, and ghatti. Plant gums derived from seeds iaclude arabic, guar, locust bean, tamatind, and tara. AH play a role ia fat replacement either singly or ia mixtures. 

Although many plant gum exudates are known (37,38), only gum arable, ghatti, karaya, and tragacanth have wide industrial use. 

Locust bean gum is not completely soluble in cold water it must be heated to 80°C and cooled to attain a stable solution that has high viscosity at low concentrations. The gum is compatible with other plant gums and the viscosity of solutions is not appreciably affected by pH or salts. 

E. Smith and R. Montgomery, The Chemistry of Plant Gum and Mucilages, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1959. 

Glucuronomannans. Most glucuronomaimans occur as components of certain plant gums and are characterized by the presence of an 0-(P -D-glucurono-pyranosyl)-(1 2)-D-maimopyranosyl linkage ia the molecule (65). Less complex glucuronomaimans are found in the tissues of bracken Pteridium aquilinum) and in tobacco leaf cells where they may be part of the cultured cell wall (132) and exude into the medium in which the cells are grown (133). 

Detergent Methods. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) methods (2), later modified for human foods (13), measure total insoluble plant cell wall material (NDF) and the cellulose—lignin complex (ADF). The easily solubilized pectins and some associated polysaccharides, galactomaimans of legume seeds, various plant gums, and seaweed polysaccharides are extracted away from the NDF. They caimot be recovered easily from the extract, and therefore the soluble fiber fraction is lost. 

As investigations with polysaccharides of microbiological, plant, and animal origin revealed the presence in these substances of uronic acids, it became necessary to know more about the acids. Moreover, the occurrence of uronic acids in plant gums and pectic substances, and the structures of urinary... 

R. L. histler, Industrial Gums, Academic Press, New York (1973). 27 F. Smith, R. Montgomery, The Chemistry of Plant Gums and Mucilages, Bk. Reichhold Publishing Corp., New York (1959) ... 

It is not proposed to include the better known polysaccharides or the plant gums in the group because they can be conveniently classified separately. It must be pointed out, however, that some of these may occur naturally in firm combination with protein as instanced by the shock effect observed when solutions of crude inulin are injected into animals and by the reported isolation of desmoglycogen4 and glycogen combined with myosin.6... 

Polysaccharide materials Starch, cellulose, plant gums (arabic gum, tragacanth, karaya, ghatti, guar, locust bean, fruit tree gum) Paper, paint binders, adhesives... 

Polysaccharides are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycoside bonds, and include cellulose, starch, vegetable mucilage and plant gums. 

Table 1.6 Percentage composition of plant gums and honey... 

I. Bonaduce, H. Brecoulaki, M.P. Colombini, A. Lluveras, V. Restivo, E. Ribechini, GC MS characterization of plant gums in samples from painted works of art, Journal of Chromatography A, 1175, 275 282 (2007). 

V. Pitthard, P. Finch, GC MS analysis of monosaccharide mixtures as their diethyldithioacetal derivatives Application to plant gums used in art works, Chromatographia, 53, S317 S321 (2001). 

The proteinaceous binders are one of the main constituents of the wide range of organic materials and are a central component of the artist s palette. In the technique referred to as tempera, artists commonly used proteinaceous binders derived from egg, milk or casein, and collagen glues derived from animal skins or bones. These can be used independently, mixed together, or in a more complex mixture with siccative oils (as in the tempera grassa technique) or plant gums. 

Free sugars naturally occurring in plant gums all give rise to the formation of furancar-boxyaldehydes, which are also formed when plant gums are pyrolysed. 

Deoxy-L-galactose (L-fucose) HO H H HO HaC—C—C—C—C-—CHO H HO HO H plant gums seaweeds blood polysaccharides sea-urchin eggs frog-spawn mucin... 

Over thirty publications resulted from Tipson s work in Levene s laboratory. Along with the work on nucleic acid components, he also studied the structures of gum arabic and other plant gums, and conducted a range of synthetic investigations on sugars, with particular emphasis on uronic acids and 5-carbon ketoses. His 1939 observation that acetylated glycosyl halides... 

III. Tables of Derivatives of Pentoses, Desoxyhexoses and Hexoses Isolated from Plant Gums and Mucilages. 283... 

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