Long-term outcomes

Dole VP, Joseph H Long-term outcome of patients treated with methadone. Ann NY Acad Sci 311 181-189, 1978... 

Vorma H, Naukkarinen H, Sarna S, et al Long-term outcome after benzodiazepine withdrawal treatment in subjects with complicated dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 70 309-314, 2003... 

Silva Y, Puigdemont M, Castellanos M, Serena J, Suner RM, Garcia MM, Davalos A. Semi-intensive monitoring in acute stroke and long-term outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005 19(1) 23-30. 

There is a paucity of clinical trial evidence comparing the benefit of diuretics to other therapies for symptom relief or long-term outcomes. Additionally, excessive preload reduction can lead to a decrease in CO resulting in reflex increase in sympathetic activation, renin release, and the expected consequences of vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and increased myocardial oxygen demand. Careful use of diuretics is recommended to avoid overdiuresis. Monitor serum electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and magnesium frequently to identify and correct imbalances. Monitor serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen daily at a minimum to assess volume depletion and renal function. 

All of the above correlate with better long-term outcomes. 

Unfortunately, this new paradigm is in the earliest stages of implementation, and despite these advances and recent treatment improvements, long-term outcomes currently remain poor, and many patients fail to receive comprehensive care. 

Stress the importance of medication and treatment adherence for improving long-term outcomes in schizophrenia. 

Brain metastases are among the most feared complications of cancer and generally carry a poor prognosis. One serious consequence of brain metastases is elevated intracranial pressure, which can rapidly lead to fatal intracranial herniation and death. Rapid identification of the signs and symptoms of brain metastases is critical to improve long-term outcome and avoid mortality. 

What is the neurologic status of the patient at presentation A detailed physical examination and history are keys to determine long-term outcome. 

For many patients, J, interepisode recovery and J, long-term outcome... 

Dispenzieri, A., Kyle, R. A., Lacy, M. Q. et al. POEMS syndrome definitions and long-term outcome. Blood 101 2496-2506, 2003. 

Silverman, D. H., Small, G. W., Chang, C. Y. et al. Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. JAMA 286 2120-2127, 2001. 

Rasagiline, another MAO-B inhibitor, has similar effects as selegiline in enhancing L-dopa effects and modest beneficial effect as monotherapy. Early initiation is associated with better long-term outcomes. 

MacDonald SR, Klock SC, Milad MP (1999) Long-term outcome of nonconservative surgery (hysterectomy) for endometriosis-associated pain in women < 30 years old. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 1360-1363... 

To improve long-term outcomes, it is critical to perform TDM of everolimus levels in patients under therapy. 

Arroyo, J. A., Miller, W. R., Tonigan, J. S. (2003). The influence of Hispanic ethnicity on long-term outcome in three alcohol-treatment modalities. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 98-104. 

Duration of treatment - The optimal duration of adefovir treatment and the relationship between treatment response and long-term outcomes, such as hepatocellular carcinoma or decompensated cirrhosis, are not known. 

Duration of therapy The optimal duration of treatment with entecavir for patients with chronic HBV infection and the relationship between treatment and long-term outcomes such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are unknown. 

Sawada S, Hanoi O, Barclay J, Geiger S, Fain R, Foltz J et al. Usefulness of positron emission tomography in predicting long-term outcome in patients with diabetes mellitus and ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2005 96 2-8... 

Ideally, if symptomatic sinus node dysfunction occurs in the presence of drugs known to impair sinus node function, the first treatment is to discontinue the offending drug [29]. However, this is typically not feasible in patients with heart failure who are dependent on several medications to improve long-term outcomes, or may need antiarrhythmic drug therapy for symptomatic arrhythmias. Accordingly, the treatment usually becomes a question of whether to apply pacing to increase heart rate. This is further complicated by the appropriate pacemaker prescription once the decision to pace has been made. 

Fifth, when total refusal is advised, political will is sometimes tested. The best example from the United Kingdom concerns beta interferon for multiple sclerosis NICE twice advised against its use on grounds of lack of cost effectiveness. Faced with a potential political backlash, the ministry devised a risk-sharing plan under which patients were to be monitored over time. If the long-term outcome for patients is not as good as the manufacturers suggest, they may have to refund some of their sales revenues (U.K. Department of Health 2002). 

Kumar A, Bansal M, Srivastava DN, Pandhi A, Menon A, Mehra NK et al. Long-term outcome of undifferentiated spondylarthropathy. Rheumatol Int 2001 20 221-4. 

Hollingsworth, C.E., Tanguay, P.E., Grossman, L., and Pabst, P. (1980) Long-term outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19 134—144. 

Jones, P.B., Rantakallio, P., Hartikainen, A.L., Isohanni, M., and Sipila, P. (1998) Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal cmpllcatlons a 28-year follow-up of the 1966 north Finland general population birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry 155 355-364. 

Babel, T.B., Warnke, P.C. and Ostertag, C.B. (2001) Immediate and long-term outcome after infrathalamic and thalamic lesioningfor intractable Tourette s syndrome. / Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70 666-671. 

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