Antioxidant micronutrients

Supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients, for example, vitamin E and selenium, in the elderly and in dementia subjects (Tolonen et al., 1985) has indicated that such treatments may be of some limited benefit. The value of ascorbate as a cerebroprotective antioxidant against excitotoxic neuronal injury has been proposed (Griinewald, 1993). 

Dhuique-Mayer, C. et al. (2007). Thermal degradation of antioxidant micronutrients in citrus juice Kinetics and newly formed compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(10) 4209 -216. 

Morris, MS, Jacques, PF, Chylack, LT, Hankinson, SE, Willett, WC, Hubbard, LD, and Taylor, A, 2007. Intake of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients and early age-related maculopathy lesions. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 14, 288-298. 

Competition between Carotenoids and Other Antioxidant Micronutrients.384... 

Cerhan J, Saag K, Merlino L, Mikuls T and Criswell L. 2003. Antioxidant micronutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of older women Am J Epidemiol 157 345-354. 

CL Rock, RA Jacob, PE Bowen. Update on the biological characteristics of the antioxidant micronutrients vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc 96 693-702, 1996. 

Mercury, lead, cotinine, pesticides, phthalates, PAHs, PAH-DNA adducts, allergens, endotoxin, antioxidant micronutrients, cytokines, immunoglobulin E, cholinesterase, thyroid hormones, DNA polymorphisms... 

Several centers have been collecting human samples, including urine, breast milk, peripheral blood, cord blood, meconium, vernix, saliva, hair, and placental tissue (Eskenazi et al. 2005). The samples have been analyzed for the presence of numerous substances, such as mercury, lead, cotinine, pesticides, phthalates, PAHs, PAH-DNA adducts, allergens, endotoxin, antioxidant micronutrients, cytokines, immunoglobulin E, cholinesterase, and thyroid hormones. The centers have also been storing samples for future research purposes (Eskenazi et al. 2005). 

Bonnefont-Rousselot, D. 2005. The role of antioxidant micronutrients in the prevention of diabetic complications. Treat. Endo. 3 41-52. 

Gey, K.F. (1995) Ten-year retrospective on the antioxidant hypothesis of atherosclerosis Threshold plasma levels of antioxidant micronutrients related to minimum cardiovascular risk. J. Nutr. Biochem. 6 206. 

Garland M, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. 1993. Antioxidant micronutrients and breast cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 12(4) 400-411. 

Antioxidant micronutrient of tomatoes associated with decreased risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Enhances gap junction communication between cells and reduces proliferation of cancer cells in culture. 

Chylack LT, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT) a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2002 9 49-80. 

Alberg A. The influence of cigarette smoking on circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients. Toxicology 2002 180 121-137. 

Nagao T, Ikeda N, Warnakulasuriya S, Eukano H, Yuasa H, Yano M, Miyazaki H, Ito Y. Serum antioxidant micronutrients and the risk of oral leukoplakia among Japanese. Oral Oncol 2000 36 466-470. 

Our laboratories have been carrying out a large series of studies on the effect of various antioxidant micronutrients on both animal and human cancer cell lines in culture (Schwartz and Shklar, 1994). These studies were carried out to augment our extensive animal studies. Various molecular parameters can be evaluated more easily in cell culture studies, and one can study many human cancer cell lines and compare them to cell lines derived from animal studies. In vivo studies have shown that ascorbic acid s primary biochemical activity is as an aqueous antioxidant that interacts with other antioxidants. Fundamental to the activity of ascorbic acid is the formation of the ascorbate radical, which forms under various oxidizing conditions. The development of the ascorbate radical during carcinogenesis could then replace... 

Schwartz, J. L., and Shklar, G., The effect of antioxidant micronutrients on cancer cells in culture Molecular studies, submitted for publication. 

P. Correa, et al., "Review article Antioxidant micronutrients and gastric cancer," Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics, vol. 1, pp. 73-82, 1998. 

To date, research on dietary antioxidant micronutrients has concentrated mainly on vitamin C and vitamin E. This is likely to be because humans have an undoubted requirement for these antioxidants, which we cannot synthesize and must obtain in regular adequate amounts from food. However, there are a plethora of other dietary antioxidants. Some or all of the thousands of carotenoids, flavo-noids, and phenolics found in plant-based foods, herbs, and beverages, such as teas and wines, may... 

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