Children development

As methylmercury readily crosses the placental barrier, marked developmental toxicity has been observed in both humans and animals after gestational exposure. Infants born to mothers during the Minamata breakout appeared normal at birth. 

The persistence of such pathology is borne out by autopsy examination. The patients showed small symmetrical atrophic brains with brain weight reduced by as much as two-thirds, widespread loss of nerve cells from the cerebrum and cerebellum, and disruption of the normal cytoar-chitecture. In humans, the most severe 

In follow-up studies (Cox et al. 1989, Crump etal. 1995), attempts were made to identify a dose-response relationship and the threshold of maternal hair mercury concentration for adverse neurodevelopmental effects. However, these attempts were extremely complicated by the fact that in most cases the mothers, Iraqi nomads, could not provide precise information on the age of even simple developmental milestones, such as first talking or walking of the children. 

Peru (Marsh etal. 1995), Philippines (Akagi etal. 2000) and on Cree Indians in Canada (McKeown-Eyssen et al. 1983). Overall, the evidence that children s neurological status is associated with prenatal mercury exposure consists of the following findings increased prevalence of tone or reflex abnormalities in boys (McKeon-Eyssen et al. 1983), decreased newborns neurological optimality score NOS (Steuerwald etal. 2000), worse results in finger opposition 

Structural changes of the brain, functional changes and more subtle effects such as impairment of sensory or cognitive systems were also a demonstrated burden in several animal experiments after in-utero exposure to methyl mercury (EPA 

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After discharge, all infants were followed by a team composed of a pediatrician with subspecialty training in Child Development, a public health nurse, and a social worker. In order to maintain contact with the foster families and relatives who had responsibility for the care of the infant, team members made regular home visits and had frequent telephone contact with the infants caretakers. During the first 3 months of placement, infants were seen (an average of twice per month) for follow-up visits at home or in the UCLA Child Development Clinic. Phone conferences with caretakers were held on a biweekly basis. During the foil owing 3 months, clinic and home visits were tapered to once per month and phone contacts were made biweekly. 

Bellinger DC. 1995. Interpreting the literature on lead and child development The neglected role of the "experimental system". Neurotoxicol Teratol 17 201-212. 

Bellinger DC, Leviton A, Watemaux C, et al. 1989a. Low-level lead exposure and early development in socioeconomically advantaged urban infants. In Smith M, Grant LD, Sors A, eds. Lead exposure and child development An international assessment. Lancaster, UK Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

Bellinger DC, Sloman J, Leviton A, et al. 1987b. Low level lead exposure and child development Assessment at age 5 of a cohort followed from birth. In Lindberg SE, Hutchinson TC, eds. International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. New Orleans, LA, September, Vol. 1. Edinburgh, UK CEP Consultants, Ltd., 49-53. 

Bomschein RL, Hammond PB, Dietrich KN, et al. 1985. The Cincinnati prospective study of low-level lead exposure and its effects on child development Protocol and status report. Environ Res 38 4-18. 

Davis JM, Svendsgaard DJ. 1987. Lead and child development. Nature 329 297-300. 

Lead exposure and child development An international assessment. Lancaster UK Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

W.T. Grant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Chief, Division of Child Development, Rehabilitation Medicine and Metabolic Disease Children s Hospital of Philadelphia 3605 Civic Center Blvd. 

Cross, T.L., et al., "Toward a Culturally Competent System of Care," Vol. 1 Monograph on Effective Services for Minority Children Who Are Severely Emotionally Disturbed. Washington, DC CASSP Technical Assistance Center, Georgetown University Child Development Center (1989). 

Cernoch, J.M. and Porter, R.H. (1985) Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants. Child Develop. 56, 1593-1598. 

Goldberg, S., Blumberg, S. L., Kriger, A. (1982). Menarche and interest in infants Biological and social influences. Child Development, 53, 1554—1560. 

Schanberg, S. M., Field, T. M. (1987). Sensory deprivation, stress and supplemental stimulation in the rat pup and preterm human neonate. Child Development, 58, 1431—1447. 

Steiner, J. E. (1979). Human facial expressions in response to taste and smell stimulation. In H. Reese L. P. Lip-sitt (Eds.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (pp. 257—293). New York Academic. 

Dodge, K. Frame, C. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Development, 53, 620-635. 

Humphreys, A.P. and Smith, P.K. (1987). Rough and tumble, friendship, and dominance in schoolchildren Evidence for continuity and change with age. Child Development, 58, 201—212. 

MacDonald, K. Parke, R. D. (1984). Bridging the gap Parent-child play interactions and peer interactive competence. Child Development, 55, 1265-1277. 

Oswald, H., Krappmann, L., Chowduri, F. von Salisch, M. (1987). Gaps and bridges Interactions between girls and boys in elementary school. Sociological Studies of Child Development, 2, 205—223. 

Neither the Blau quote nor the White literature review are isolated examples. The entire April 1994 issue of the journal Child Development commits the same error as does the 1995 presidential address of the President of the Division of Developmental Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Houston, Fall 1995). Both sources purport to deal with poverty, but conflate it with ordinary SES differences. 

Block, J. H., Block, J., Gjerde, P. S. (1986). The personality of children prior to divorce A prospective study. Child Development, 57, 827-840. 

Brooks-Gunn, J., Klebanov, P. K. (1996). Ethnic differences in children s intelligence test scores Role of economic deprivation, home environment, and maternal characteristics. Child Development, 67, 396-408. 

Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990 s Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1—19. 

Susman, E. J., Inoff-Germain, G., Nottelmann, E. D., Cutler, C. B., Jr., and Chrousos, G. P. 1987. Hormones, emotional dispositions, and aggressive attributes in young adolescents. Child Development 58 114—1134. 

The point of view which has developed as a result of this study has important implications not only for biology and medicine, but also for anthropology, psychology, child development, education, and even religion, business, law, and politics. These implications are, of course, outside the scope of this volume. 

From Harold C. Stuart and Penelope H. Dwinell, Child Development, 13, 205 (1942). 

A woman 7 months pregnant with her first child develops anemia. Laboratory evaluation indicates an increased mean cell volume (MVC), hypeisegmented neutrophils, and altered morphology of several other cell types. The most likely underlying cause of this woman s... 

The normal body temperature is 36.8°C. Babies under 6 months of age who have a higher temperature than 37.7°C should be referred on the same day. Babies over 6 months should be referred if their temperature is above 38.2°C. Babies who have had a temperature-related convulsion lasting 15 minutes or longer should receive pharmacotherapy in the form of either lorazepam, diazepam or clonazepam. Febrile convulsions in children usually cease spontaneously within 5-10 minutes and are rarely associated with significant sequelae and therefore long-term anticonvulsant prophylaxis is rarely indicated. Parents should be advised to seek professional advice when the child develops fever so as to prevent the occurrence of high body temperatures. 

Lipsitt, L. P., Engen, T., and Kaye, H. (1963). Developmental changes in the olfectory threshold of the neonate. Child Development 34,371-376. 

Rieser, J., Yonas, A., and Wikner, K. (1976). Radial localization of odors by newborns. Child Development 47,856-859. 

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