Early Effects

In the cervix, progesterone suppresses nitric oxide (NO) production [29]. In contrast, mifepristone stimulates NO release, and the expression of inducible NO synthase in the human cervix in early pregnancy, suggesting that this is the mechanism whereby mifepristone initiates cervical ripening [30]. 

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The most common evaporator design is based on the use of the same heating surface in each effec t. This is by no means essential since few evaporators are standard or involve the use of the same patterns. In fac t, there is no reason why all effects in an evaporator must be of the same type. For instance, the cheapest salt evaporator might use propeller calandrias for the early effects and lorced-circiilation effects at the low-temperature end, where their higher cost per unit area is more than offset by higher heat-transfer coefficients. 

Seveso, Italy, caused wide-spread pollution of the industrial site as well as its surroundings. Serious effects of dioxin were detected both in dontestic animals, such as cows and sheep, and in humans, the most serious early effects being a serious skin disease, chloracne, and alterations in the function of the immune system. Follow-up studies have demonstrated that this accident also increased the cancer risk in exposed individuals. ... 

Compensatory effects or early effects of dubious significance, without adverse health consequences... 

The most common method used to monitor inorganic Pb is the determination of Pb in whole blood by GF-AAS. Exposure to organic lead (i.e. tetraethyl lead) can be monitored by the determination of Pb in mine by GF-AAS (Christensen and Kristiansen 1994). Early effects of exposure to Pb on the heme synthesis can be monitored by determination of the inhibition of the enayme 8-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in whole blood or 8-aminolevulinic acid in urine by spectrophotometry. 

Monitoring of Cd exposure can take place by the determination of Cd in whole blood (reflects recent exposure) or urine (reflects body burden) by GF-AAS. Early effects can be monitored by the determination of a tubular protein (e.g. 132-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, a2-microglobulin) or the activity of an enzyme (e.g. N-acetyl 3-D-glucosaminidase) in urine. 

Early Effects (of radiation exposure)—Effects that appear within 60 days of an acute exposure. 

The effect apparently begins early in the life of the soybean plant, and either the root exudates continue to reduce growth or the soybean plant is not able to overcome the early effects later on. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that soybean nodulation or dinitrogen fixing ability is reduced by Sesbanla and Glycine root exudates. 

Lohka MJ, Hayes MK, Mailer JL 1988 Purification of maturation-promoting factor, an intracellular regulator of early mitotic events. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 3009—3013 Mailer JL, Butcher FR, Krebs EG 1979 Early effects of progesterone on levels of cyclic adenosine 3 5 -monophosphate in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 254 579-582 Masui Y 1967 Relative roles of the pituitary, follicle cells, and progesterone in the induction of oocyte maturation in Ranapipiens. J Exp Zool 166 365-375 Masui Y, Markert CL 1971 Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. J Exp Zool 177 129-145... 

Dietrich KN, Krafft KM, Bier M, et al. 1986. Early effects of fetal lead exposure Neurobehavioral findings at 6 months. International Journal of Biosocial and Medical Record 8 151-168. 

Labors- Characteristics of administered material Age at time of admin. Number of animals Early effects (< 1 year) Late neoplastic effects (> 1 year) ... 

Norton, S. and B.F. Kinder. 1990. Early effects of low doses of ionizing radiation on the fetal cerebral cortex in rats. Radiation Res. 124 235-241. 

Maricic M, Adachi JD, Sarkar S, Wu W, Wong M, Harper KD (2002) Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med 162 1140-1143... 

Kowolenko, M., Tracy, L. and Lawrence, D.A., Early effects of lead on bone marrow cell responsiveness in mice challenged with L. monocytogenes, Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 17, 75, 1991. 

Alterations in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have been connected to several neurodegenerative diseases (Table 9). In some instances, mutations in specific genes have been linked to the etiology of the disease. Although the perturbations in ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis lead to pleiotropic effects on neurons including cell death or degeneration, one of the early effects is believed to be synaptic malfunction. 

Iron pentacarbonyl is approximately one-third as potent as nickel carbonyl when inhaled by rats for 30 minutes. Effects from inhalation of high concentrations of the chemical are expected to be similar to those of nickel carbonyl, which include frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes substernal and epigastric pain. Generally these early effects disappear when the subject is removed to fresh air. 

Kao SW, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB Early effects of ovotoxicity induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide in rats and mice. Reprod Toxicol 13(l) 67-75, 1999... 

With once-daily dosing, 24-hour control is achieved by giving doses larger than necessary to achieve an immediate maximum effect. The maximum early effect on exercise tolerance occurs with doses of 50 to 100 mg, but the effect at 24 hours is attenuated, averaging approximately 50% to 75% of that with once-daily doses of 200 mg. 

As many as 10% of children have a medication-responsive psychiatric disorder (Riddle et ah, 1998) and there has been a dramatic increase in the use of psychotropic medication to treat mental disorders in youth (Rappley et ah, 1999). Multiple factors account for this increase, including scientific advances in fields such as epidemiology, nosology, neuroscience, drug development, and clinical measurements, and efforts to educate the public about the benefits of early, effective treatment. Despite large gaps between research and practice, many medications are used in children on the basis of a small amount of scientific data. Factors that contribute to this situation are societal desires for rapid, effective treatment, acceptance of medication as a therapeutic modality, and a reimbursement climate in which there is increased pressure for brief treatment. Clearly there is a need to balance clinical and administrative pressures with a resort to treatment based on the best available data. 

The RBE values for late effects are significantly higher than for early effects (Figs. 4 and 5). 

Symons MCR (1991) The role of radiation-induced charge migration with DNA ESR studies. In Fielden EM, O Neill P (eds) The early effects of radiation on DNA. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pill... 

J. F. Ward, Mechanisms of radiation action on DNA in model systems - Their relevance to cellular DNA in The Early Effects of Radiation on DNA, ed. E. M. Fielden and P. O Neill, 1991, Springer-Verlag, 1-16. 

Speed The effects are noted with a quarter hour following ingestion. LSD is one of the few psychedelic drugs that can show its early effects in the first few minutes. This suggests fundal absorption. 

Research on the various biochemical systems affected by tumor promoters, in particular TPA, has been recently reviewed by Diamond et al. (54) and Werner and coworkers (55) have reviewed the early effects of phorbol esters on the membranes of cultured cells. The latter group reports that TPA causes permeability changes in 3T3 cell membranes and experimental evidence is cited that phorbol esters interact specifically with a membrane-specific macromolecule rather than passive adsorption by the membrane lipid matrix. One of the earliest observed effects of TPA is a significant modification in the transport of potassium, sodium and phosphate. Lee and Weinstein (56) have found that the addition of phorbol esters immediately stimulated the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in... 

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