Resins or binders

The role of the vehicle in paint is to form an adhesive film over the pigment granules that is optically clear, glossy (reflective) or matte (diffusely reflective) as desired, and protective. In this section, the term biitder is used collectively to represent all similar compounds and components. Because of their function, binders may be referred to as film-forming agents, and they function in concert with the solvent system. Film formation, or curing, occurs by several mechanisms  

The polymerization of the binders may be speeded up by the addition of catalysts and drying oils and agents. The term is a misnomer, in the sense that the oils don t evaporate. Rather, they catalyze and speed film formation. 

Inks and paints contain small amounts of additives that may be of forensic interest. The chying agents already described are one example. Other additives, including plasticizers such as phthalates, are inserted into resins to impart flexibility to the polymerized mixture. These additives lessen brittleness and cracking. Antifoaming agents are also found in paints recall the use of micelles 

Resonance contributor with isolated double bonds 

Resonance contributor with conjugated double bonds 

---

Perhaps the most important part of a coating is the binder or resin. Binders can be in the form of solutions, where the resin is dissolved in a solvent, or a dispersion, where the resin is suspended in water or an organic liquid with a particle size of 10 microns or less. We will subdivide our discussion of binders into four primary types and summarize their important properties and uses. 

The purpose of binders or resins is to bind the pigment to the substrate and to improve the general resistance of the print towards moisture or fat. They... 

Polyimide fiber n. A manufactured fiber formed from the condensation polymer of an aromatic dianhydride and an aromatic diisocyanate. The fiber is produced by dry spinning. It is a high-shrinkage fiber used in the formation of mechanically stable non-woven fabrics. These fabrics are made without binders or resins bonding apparently results from the local temperature and pressure that develop during shrinkage. 

Zinc-rich coatings owe their protective properties to galvanic protection. The preceding coatings owe their final film properties, corrosion protection, and environmental resistance to the organic composition of their constituent binder or resin. 

Film-forming agent A binder or resin that pol5nnerizes and protects a colorant in a paint or ink. 

The solvent power or solvency of a given liquid or mixture of liquids determines the miscibility of the polymer binder or resin. It has also a big effect on the attraction between particles in a paint formulation as will be discussed below. A very useful parameter that describes solvency is the Hildebrand solubility parameter 8 [2] which is related to the energy of association of molecules in the liquid phase, in terms of "cohesive energy density . The latter is simply the ratio of the energy required to vaporize 1 cm of liquid AE, to its molar volume V . The solubility parameter 6 is simply the square root of that ratio [2,3],... 

Binders or resins (film former) are continuous phases in the paint that bind the pigment particles into a coherent film that adheres to the substrate. In modem paints, the mechanical and resistance properties of the film are contributed largely by the binder. 

Ink Types. There are 10 gravure ink types categorized by the binders or solvents used A, aUphatic hydrocarbon B, aromatic hydrocarbon C, nitrocellulose D, polyamide resins E, SS nitrocellulose M, polystyrene T, chlorinated mbber V, vinyls W, water-based and X, miscellaneous. 

Binders and Resins. The choice of binder is the most important ingredient choice in the formulation process because the binder affects the performance properties of a paint more than any other single ingredient (3). The physical properties of binders required for paints include the abiHty to dry or cure under various ambient conditions, good adhesion to various substrates, abrasion resistance, washabiHty, flexibiHty, water resistance, and ultraviolet light resistance. The balance of these required properties is mosdy dependent on whether the paint is being developed for interior or exterior appHcations. 

Cured phenolics are universally brittle in nature. This is true of both resoles and novolacs and does not depend much on the source of methylene used to promote cure. Consequently, the fillers used in molded articles are highly important to the design of the manufactured product. With resoles, the fiber or filler are usually the primary component of the final composite, with the resole acting as a binder or impregnating agent. With novolacs the resin may be the major component in the molded part. Poly-silanes and other organic polymers are also added in some applications to promote impact resistance and toughness [192]. 

Aluminum-based primer plus alkyd finish The binder for these primers is normally oleo-resinous but the pigmentation is aluminum flake. This type is preferred for hardwoods and softwoods where knots or resinous areas predominate. They do not give such a smooth surface as primers without aluminum. 

The industrial production and application of reactive and non-reactive microgels in organic coatings such as binders or components of binders, e.g. together with, e.g. acrylic and/or melamine/formaldehyde resins, especially for automotive coatings, was reported in a number of publications between 1980 and... 

Using this technique, substantivity (Table 7) was assessed using a negatively charged vinyl substrate that is often used to simulate skin (the anionic UCARMAG Binder 527 resin). Fluorescein, sodium salt, at 0.5% in water was added before and/or after a 0.9% saline wash (2 X 25 mL) step. If added later, then samples were rewashed to determine whether any substantive coating remained. 

Binder A polymer resin or resin-forming material. 

When introducing binders or plasticizers into intimate contact with explosives, it is critical that there is no chemical incompatibility either initially or later on, as munitions are expected to have in-service life-spans of up to 30 years. Nitramines for example, have been found to be chemically incompatible with amines which are used for fast-curing epoxy resins. Therefore, all materials that might be used as part of an explosive formulation are carefully tested for their chemical compatibility with each other and also with the explosive, prior to their use for explosive formulations. 

Binder or Aggiutinont is a material, such as asphalt or bitumen, dextrin, starch, flow, glue, fossil gums, gelatin, milk sugar, petrolatum, resins, shellac, stearin, paraffin wax, sugar, syn-... 

It is used as a solv for NC, resins, oils other materials. Zenftman Forlin(Ref 3) patented fuse compns which can be continously extruded provided a thermoplastic binder or special antihardening agent is included in the formulation. Such a compn consisted of fuse powder 79.6(a mixt of Pb3C>4 41, KNOg 33 ... 

Dry-Process Hardboard. Dry-process hardboard is produced by a dry—dry system where dry fiber is formed into mats, which are then pressed in a dry condition. A flow diagram of this process is shown in Figure 6. In this process, wood chips, sawdust, or other residues are refined to fiber in pressurized refiners. Wax and PF resin may be added in the refiner or immediately outside of the refiner, in the fiber-ejection tube or "blowline." It is also noted that a small amount of dry-process hardboard is made with UF resin binders. UF resins, because of their inherent faster curing at lower temperatures, can be added only at the blowline or in a blender located after the dryer. 

Binders or organic vehicles to hold ingredients together and offer the paint properties required, such as resins and latexes. 

Special starch products have been developed for use as thickeners in coatings that are based on synthetic latex or resin binders. Starch-based thickeners can have associative properties when substituted with a hydrophobic reagent. They provide an alternative for cellulose-based thickeners, but their use is limited. 

---