Organism, composition

MOFs can be considered as organic zeolite analogs, as their pore architectures are often reminiscent of those of zeolites a comparison of the physical properties of a series of MOFs and of zeolite NaY has been provided in Table 4.1. Although such coordinative bonds are obviously weaker than the strong covalent Si-O and Al-O bonds in zeolites, the stability of MOF lattices is remarkable, especially when their mainly organic composition is taken into account. Thermal decomposition generally does not start at temperatures below 300 °C [3, 21], and, in some cases. 

Fig. 10.4 Fossilized cellular filamentous microorganisms (two examples of Primaevifilum amoenum). They are 3.456 billion years old and come from the Apex chert region in northwestern Australia. As well as the original images, drawings and the Raman spectra and Raman images, which indicate that the fossils have a carbonaceous (organic) composition, are shown. With kind permission of J. W. Schopf...

Kogel-Knabner, I. (2002). The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34 139-162. 

The IRIS spectra of Titan s atmosphere returned from Voyager I show extensive organic composition across the entire disc of Titan (Figure 10.7) and only promises (or threatens) more organic complexity when the measurements from the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instruments on the Huygens probe are returned. 

Fig. 5 Total organic composition (resin and fatty acids, biocides and surfactants) and percentage of bioluminescence inhibition of several types of waters (recycle, Kraft, print board in open and closed circuit) submitted to primary or biological treatment. Identification letters A=effluent B=recycle untreated C=recycle primary treatment D=Kraft untreated =Kraft biologically treated F=print paper untreated G=print paper biologically treated H=board untreated J=board biologically treated /=board closed loop and K=board biologically treated...

On the other hand, silicones are used in organic composites. The application of alloys composed of the fully cured silicone rubber particles in a continuous thermoplastic phase, called thermoplastic silicone vulcanizate, which offers high-performance materials, has been reported.506,507 Functionalized POSS was not only co-polymerized, but also blended with poly(methylmethacrylate) to study the effect of silsesquioxanes on the thermal stability of thermoplastics.508... 

Hunter, J.V. (1962) The Organic Composition of Various Domestic Sewage Fractions. PhD Thesis, Rutgers University. 

Key to the Bauer model is an assumption that constant capital increases at a higher rate than variable capital - the former increases at 10 per cent per annum and the latter at 5 per cent (ibid. 67). The result is a continual increase in the organic composition of capital, the ratio of constant to variable capital. The rate of surplus value, the ratio of total surplus value to variable capital, is assumed to remain constant at all times. With variable capital increasing at 5 per cent each year, the same increase in the pool of total surplus value takes place, out of which additional increments of constant and variable capital are funded. Capitalist consumption is treated... 

The basic mistake is Bauer s assumption that the rate of surplus value is constant despite the assumed rising organic composition of capital. ... 

Using the formula C, + Vt + S], values can be calculated for each department. In Department 1, for example, the total value of output is 120 in Department 2, the total value is 60. In our previous analysis of Marx s reproduction schema, based on the second volume of Capital, it was assumed that these values are also the total prices of each department. However, in the third volume Marx focuses on the organic composition of capital, which measures the ratio (Ct/Vt) between constant and variable capital.2 These ratios vary between 4 and 0.4 in this example. And it is this variation that leads Marx to argue that values cannot be sustained as indicators of price for each department of production. The problem is that the rate of profit (.SVC, + V) for each department is calculated as a ratio between total surplus value and total capital. Yet, for each department its own mass of surplus value is calculated from the variable capital employed. 

Constant capital (Co Variable capital (V) Surplus value (Si) Total value (Ci+Vi+Si) Organic composition (Ci/V) Rate of profit (%) (S,/c,+ v )... 

Second, this rate of profit is applied to each department s costs of production to establish the amount of profit made. In Department 1, for example, profits of 33.3 are made on the total (constant and variable capital) cost price of 100. The price of production for each sector consists of the cost price plus profits in Department 1 this is 133.3. For this numerical example, prices deviate above value for departments with a high organic composition of capital (+13.3 for Department 1) and below for a low organic composition ( —13.3 for Department 2). Department 3 in the example is neutral, having an average composition of capital. 

Notice also that in Table 2.2 the organic composition of capital (the ratio of constant to variable capital) now varies between the two sectors, taking a value of 4 in Department 1 and a value of 2 in Department 2. Under capital mobility, this disparity would undermine the assumed equivalence between prices and values, an issue that was not considered to be important by Marx in his... 

Luxemburg (1951 339) also shows how the problem of demand is accentuated under a rising organic composition of capital. 

In the reproduction tables of Capital, volume 2, Marx allowed variations in the organic composition of capital between sectors alongside a technically incorrect proportionality between prices and values (see Chapter 2). 

Thus, the reasonable assumption has been made that the organic composition of such dust is similar to that of its major components, which are derived from the dried, friable cotton plant parts bract and leaf, pericarp, stem, and seed fragments ( ). 

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