Battery limits specifications

The licensor s basis for sizing has already been discussed and agreed to or changed. For an olefin plant, the number of steam crackers of the licensor s standard size is firm. For a new process, reactor scaleup methods have been agreed to. For a coal gasification plant, gasifier size. 

Methods for quick sizing trayed fractionation and absorption column diameter have been reduced here to equations to facilitate programming for calculators or computers. Three methods are discussed and it is not a bad idea to compare results with all three. 

Souders-Brown. The Souders-Brown method (References 1, 2) is based on bubble caps, but is handy for modem trays since the effect of surface tension can be evaluated and factors are included to compare various fractionator and absorber services. These same factors may be found to apply for comparing the services when using valve or sieve trays. A copy of the Souders-Brown C factor chart is shown in Reference 2. 

The maximum allowable mass velocity for the total column cross section is calculated as follows  

The value of W is intended for general application and to be multiplied by factors for specific applications as follows  

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This discussion of offsites is subdivided into Utilities and Other Offsites. The utility portion interacts with the process area, while the other offsites have minor interaction w ith the process area, if any. In addition, the process area may have utility generation, such as waste heat boilers. It is convenient to discuss all utility generation as one package pointing out special considerations for the process area units along the way. The goal for this study phase is the same as for battery limits specification complete major material list and process specification sheets. 

Early in the life of a project, information has not been developed to allow definitive cost estimates based on material takeoff and vendor quotes for equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the cost of a facility using shortcut methods. The first step is to develop or check flow-sheets, major equipment sizes, and specification sheets as described in earlier chapters. From the equipment specification sheets, the cost of each piece of equipment is estimated, using techniques discussed later. Once the major equipment cost has been estimated, the total battery limit plant cost can he quickly estimated using factors developed on a similar project. 

Practical (actual) capacity— The amount of electricity (-> charge), usually expressed in Ah, that can be withdrawn from a battery at specific discharge conditions. Contrary to theoretical capacity and theoretical capacity of a practical battery, the practical capacity of a battery is a measured quantity, and intrinsically incorporates all the losses to the theoretical capacity due to the mass of the nonactive components of the cell, and the electrochemical and chemical limitations of the electrochemical system. The practical capacity of a cell is exceedingly dependent on the measurement conditions, e.g., temperature, cut-off voltage, discharge rate, etc. 

Economics Ethylene yields vary between 25%, 35%, 45% and 83% for gas oils, naphtha, LPG and ethane, respectively. Related specific energy consumption ranges from 6,000, 5,000, 4,000, 3,000 kcal/kg C2H4. Typical installation costs for a large-scale inside battery limit gas (naphtha) cracker on a Gulf Coast basis are 500 (750) U.S./ton of installed ethylene capacity. 

Outside battery limits or offsite costs. Factory-site (as opposed to process-specific) facilities such as (a) access roads, rail spur lines, paving, unloading and loading facilities (b) utilities facilities... 

Energy Overall specific energy per ton of ethylene range from 3,000 kcal/kg to 6,000 kcal/kg, depending on feed type and battery limit conditions. 

Recent studies on the use of NS-Ti02 (anatase) as anode with LiCo02 cathode in a lithium battery demonstrated specific capacity of 169 mAh g" The Li insertion was limited to a maximum x value of 0.5 in equation 16 [317]. This can he compared with Lio,9iTi02(B) corresponding to a capacity of 305 mAh g" at a potential of 1.6V versus Li" (1 M)/Li for Ti02(B) nanowires (20 0 nm diameter) [318]. 

Collection of the preliminary offers from a wide range of suppliers. The offers are not addressed to a specific location but present only the ba technological issues. The investment cost for battery limits is provided with low accuracy these offers serve for preliminary selection of a few (two-three) suppliers of each process. 

For maintenance and safety, the principal access to and from most process units is by auxiliary roads, Ideally, the unit battery limits should be positioned 50 ft (15,000 mm) from the centerline of the main plant roads. This allows adequate space for ditch drainage and firefighting facilities and avoids obstructing roads when such items as heat exchanger tube bundles are removed. Access ways or spur roads should be provided within the unit for access to items that require servicing or for components that require removal for off-site repair. Clearance according to project specification should be provided over roads and ac-... 

Lithium-iodine (Li-Ij) batteries were specifically designed and developed for medical applications. These batteries consistently demonstrated the best performance and suitability, particularly for pacemakers, over a period exceeding 25 years. This particular battery is high in energy density but low in power level. Li-Ij is a low-conductivity solid-state electrolyte, which limits the current to a few microamperes. According to the manufactures, an operational life ranging from 7 to 12 years for this battery has been demonstrated in the field. The battery suppliers claim that these batteries could be used in other applications, such as watches and memory-retention devices. 

After more than two decades of persistent research and development on lithium-ion batteries, the specific capacities of the electrode materials and the energy densities (both gravimetric and volumetric) of the batteries at cell level are approaching their intrinsic theoretical values [9, 12]. On the other hand, due to the limited sohd-state diffusion coefficient, the intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism for most of the present inorganic cathode materials limits their high-rate performance for high-power applications [13]. Another concern on inorganic cathode materials comes from the... 

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