Specific energy consumption

Usually the specific energy consumption, is reported in kWh /kg of product ... 

The other important factor in cell design optimization is the specific energy consumption, es, defined as ... 

Szklo, A. and R. Schaeffer, Fuel specification, energy consumption and COz emission in oil refineries. Energy, 32,1075-1092,2007. 

The process operates at current densities of about 1 kA/m2 and unit cell voltage of 1.5 V. The specific energy consumption is about 2 kWh/kg NaOH. Under the influence of the electric gradient the H + and OH ions emerge on opposite faces of the membrane. Bipolar membrane electrodialysis is being developed by several companies, e.g. WSI Technologies Inc. [270] and Aquatech Systems [129,275,276], Typical product specification ranges for the ICI electrodialysis process is summarized in Table 19. 

Fig. 16.15 Comparison of the specific energy consumption versus time of KU electrolysers of the latest generation and the latest KU GDE cell at 4 kA m. Only the increase due to the membrane and cathode is taken into account.

Since its grinding volume is some 30-40 times smaller than that of a ball mill for the same task, the Szego mill is compact for its capacity. It is characterised by relatively low specific energy consumption, typically 20-30 per cent lower than in a ball mill, and flexibility of operation. It can give a large reduction ratio, typically 10-20, and grinds material down to a 15-45 xm size range. 

Normally, Roots pumps are not as economical as gas ballast pumps for continuous operation at pressures above 40 mbar. With very large pump sets, which work with very specialized gear ratios and are provided with bypass lines, however, the specific energy consumption is indeed more favorable. If Roots pumps are installed to pump vapors, as in the case of gas ballast pumps, a chart can be given that includes all possible cases (see Fig. 2.74). 

A constant total shear S suggests that the profiles of the material in the two different size screw extruders are identical or that the material distribution (homogeneity) in the extruder is independent of screw speed. In a similar manner, scale-up factors for power consumption, specific energy consumption, throughput rate, etc. have been compiled in the literature (21,22). 

Figure 8 The effect of screw speed on specific energy consumption at varying throughput rates for extruders of two different scales. Source From Ref. 29.

The major factors that determine the performance of an ED process are the solute recovery efficiency (0, total current efficiency ( 2), the specific energy consumption (e), and the maximum solute weight concentration achievable in the concentrate (CBc,max)-... 

Note Solute recovery efficiency, J Faraday efficiency, Q specific energy consumption, s solute flux, JB and average water flux, /w. 

Calculate the treatment time and the specific energy consumption (kW h/kg COD eliminated). (Cominellis)... 

The treatment has been carried out at constant current density (i = 1 kA/m2). The average current efficiency for the elimination of 80% of the COD is 35%. The average cell potential during the electrochemical treatment is 5 V. Calculate the required anode surface area and the specific energy consumption (kW hr/kg COD eliminated). (Cominellis)... 

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