Specific discharge

The gradient, is often denoted i for simplicity. It is often convenient to analy2e the discharge for a unit area using the specific discharge, q. The specific discharge represents the volumetric discharge divided by the total cross-sectional area, ie,... 

FIGURE 19.4 Dependence of the specific energy w with respect to mass on the specific discharge power p for various heavy drain batteries the straight lines correspond to different times of full discharge x = 100 h (a) 10 h (i>) 1 h (c) 6 min (d). 

Another important aspect for a material to be used as electrode for supercapacitors is its electrochemical stability. In Figure 2, presenting the specific discharge capacitance versus the cycle number for the optimized a-Mn02-nl FO/CNTs composite in 2 molL 1 KNO3 (pH=6.5), it can be observed that the specific capacitance loss after 200 cycles is about 20%. 

Figure 2. Specific discharge capacitance for the a-Mn02nH20 composite with 15 wt% of CNTs in 2 motL 1 KN03 medium at two different pH.

Figure 5. Specific discharge capacity of tin electrode without annealing. Current collector -tungsten. Testing mode C/5. Counter electrode - lithium foil. Separators 1 layer of unwoven polypropylene (Mogilev, Belarus) + 1 layer of Celgard - triangles 2 layers of unwoven polypropylene (Mogilev, Belarus) - dots.

Specific discharge has units such as cm3 of water per cm2 of the saturated medium per second, so nominally it can be expressed in velocity units, like cm... 

The value of groundwater velocity within a rock or sediment, then, invariably exceeds that of specific discharge. 

Substituting the transport laws for advection and dispersion (Eqns. 20.11 and 20.20), and noting that groundwater velocity v is related to specific discharge q according to Equation 20.7, gives... 

At the pore level, flnids are conveniently characterized by three main parameters. The viscosity ratio is given by M = pyp, where p and p are the viscosities of the displacing and resident fluids, respectively, while the capillary number is defined as Ca = gpyy, where q is the specific discharge of the displacing flnid and y is the interfacial tension. The Bond number. Bo = gr Ap/y, where g is the... 

Quick responses are typical for the most vulnerable zone between 1,000 and 1,800 m. They are produced by high rainfall intensity in combination with steep gradients and thin soils. In many cases an extensive network of streams ensures a high specific discharge. The processes of bedload mobilization and transport are stimulated by overland flow, which is an important component of runoff generation in this zone. 

Fig. 23 Specific discharge for the four main alpine rivers Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po, annual mean as well as summer and winter half-year mean values...

Steps an individual permit holder must take to use an alternate test procedure for regulatory reporting of specific discharges follow. An alternate test procedure differs from those published in the Federal Register for NPDES-certification purposes (Source Federal Register, Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter D, Part 136 Vol. 38, No. 199, Oct. 16, 1973 Vol. 41, No. 232, Dec. 1, 1976). Many Hach methods (Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA) are identical to these published methods and thus are approved by USEPA and highly recommended by the authors for rapid field testing of effluent samples. 

Flow of water per unit bulk area (specific discharge) m s 1 ... 

The flow rate of water through the porous medium per unit total (bulk) area perpendicular to the direction of flow, the so-called specific discharge q, is related to the effective mean flow velocity in the pores along the x-axis, u, by... 

Specific Discharge q, Effective Mean Flow Velocity u, and Travel Time fw for Different Flow Regimes in Groundwater System S... 

Explain the difference between specific discharge and effective mean flow velocity. What is effective porosity ... 

What is the physical reason behind Darcy s Law Why can the specific discharge be related to the slope of the groundwater table ... 

HPP Installed Capacity, MW Payload Volume of Reservoir Mm3 Specific Discharge, mVkWh Potential Storage Capacity, GWh... 

Next, we introduce the specific discharge q and the relative solute flux r as... 

If we consider only chemical and hydraulic processes, the equations (1) for specific discharge q and solute mass flux relative to the solution Jd, in terms of gradients of pressure p and salt mass fraction uts reduce to [1]... 

Dawn Maycock is a director of wca environment. She has a first degree in biology and environmental studies and a PhD in ecotoxicology. Recent work on EQSs has included using survival time analyses and species sensitivity distributions to derive time-specific EQSs for monitoring specific discharges, and development of aquatic EQSs for a range of substances under the Water Framework Directive (Annex VIII). 

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