Costs offsites

Total capital (1998) includes turn-key lump sum price for plant and storage, spare parts, catalysts, clients inhouse costs, offsites, working capital (3 months), basis 1,8 DM/. ... 

Possible lower unit cost offsite treatment. 

Plume Containment. WeUs can be placed at a contaminated site to prevent the contamination from spreading further or migrating offsite. In the past, containment efforts often reHed on physical methods such as bentonite slurry trenches, grout curtains, sheet pilings, weU points, and fixative injections. Containment by judiciously placed weUs generally costs less, takes less time to install, and is more flexible because pumping rates and locations can be varied. 

Total Offsite Costs. The offsite costs can range from 20% to 50% of the total cost of the project. If a preliminary built-up estimate of the offsites is less than 30% of the total costs, it should be suspect. Unless the offsites are very well defined, it would be better to use a factor of 50% to 75% of battery limits estimate as the offsite figure. 

Utilities are very expensive and highly variable from plant to plant. Great care must be exercised to get the proper steam and electrical loads, not only in the process areas, but also in the offsite areas to make sure the cost estimate for the utilities is complete. 

The cost of utilities is one of the most significant, yet difficult chores encountered in estimating operating costs. As discussed earlier, the amount of utilities required for both the process and the offsite areas must be estimated as accurately as possible. If utilities are generated in the project, the utilities required to operate the utility area must be included. Any increase in the project requires re-estiraating the utilities consumed in the utility area. This can result in a trial and error calculation to get the total cost of utilities. 

Economic evaluations of waste-reduction options should involve a comparison of operating costs to illustrate where cost savings would accrue. For example, a waste-reduction measure that reduces the amount of raw material lost down the drain during the process will reduce raw-material costs. Raw-material substitution or process changes may reduce the amount of solid waste that must be transported offsite, reducing the transport costs for waste disposal. 

The materials leaving containment are source terms for offsite convective-diffusion transport calculations. Codes. such as CRAC-2 calculate atmospheric diffusion with different probabilities of meteorological conditions to estimate the radiological health effects and costs. 

A new scheme for location management has developed whereby wastes are diverted to separate holding facilities according to the hazard imposed by the waste. Separate pits are created to hold rig washing and precipitation wastes, solid wastes and drilling fluids [225]. The waste is then reused, disposed on site, or hauled away for offsite treatment. The system reduces contamination of less hazardous materials with the more hazardous materials, thereby reducing disposal costs. 

Had the new heat exchanger been an addition to an existing plant that did not require investment in electrical services, utilities, offsites, buildings, site preparation or working capital, then the cost would be estimated from ... 

The bare module factors for each individual item are given in Table 9E-1. The offsite costs are given in Table 9E-5, the site development costs in Table 9E-6, and the cost of industrial buildings in Table 9E-7. The various costs are combined in Table 9E-8 and then updated to 1974. Much of the information is from Appendix B. 

Cost Data for Process Equipment Offsite Facilities, Site Development, and Structures... 

Fixed Capital Investment Raw Material Cost Chemistry, Processes, and Number of Operating Units Required Equipment Selection Utilities and Offsite Costs Labor Content... 

Table 8.3 summarizes the actual or estimated prices to build a variety of chemical and refinery process plants. The stated costs do not include associated tankage, utilities, effluent treatment, service roads, general-purpose buildings, spare parts, or all the other components required to complete a major project. These additional offsite facilities are typically considered to add 50% onto the cost of a project. [1, 2]... 

Cost curves of this type have been presented for petroleum refinery costs in the past. The curves presented herein have been adjusted to eliminate certain costs such as utilities, storage, offsite facilities, and location cost differentials. Separate data, included in indirect cost, provide the cost of these items. The facilities included have been defined in an attempt to improve accuracy. 

Storage facilities Tanks, pressure vessels Steam systems Cooling water systems Offsites Special costs Used equipment credit Contingencies Total... 

Other utility systems. Other utility systems required in a refinery are electric power distribution, instrument air, drinking water, fire, water, sewers, waste collection, and so forth. Since these are difficult to estimate without detailed drawings, the cost is normally included in the offsite facilities. 

Offsites. Offsites are the facilities required in a refinery that are not included in the costs of major facilities. A typical list of offsites follows. Obviously, the offsite requirements vary widely between different refineries. The values shown here can be considered typical for grassroots refineries when estimated as outlined in this text. 

Offsite costs, % of total major facilities costs ... 

Offsite costs for the addition of individual process units in an existing refinery can be assumed to be about 15 to 20% of the process unit costs. Items considered to be offsites in this work are as follows ... 

Special costs. Special costs include land, spare parts, inspection, project management, chemicals, miscellaneous supplies, and office and laboratory furniture. For preliminary estimates, these costs can be estimated as 4% of the cost of the process units, storage, steam systems, cooling water systems, and offsites. Engineering costs and contractor fees are included in the various individual cost items. 

Indirect cost. Indirect cost includes a large list of varied supporting equipment, utilities, and land for the modular major equipment cost method proposed herein. These items are commonly called offsites, which include cost of such items as roadways, land, buildings, warehouses, spare parts, maintenance shops, and electric power and water utilities. In addition to offsites, the indirect cost also includes the field-erection equipment, such as erection cranes, temporary construction buildings, welding supplies, and trucks. All of these items are necessities for the major equipment modules. 

An extensive effort is being made to collect current cost data from the first quarter (June 1976) to 1979. Particular attention has been paid to accurate representation of the effect of different plant locations (land costs, labor productivities, labor costs, construction difficulties, etc.) and date of construction (escalation of the cost of construction material and labor, and installation material and labor, etc.). Also, great care has been given to the proper estimation of the cost of offsites, since they represent a significant fraction of the cost of a new plant, particularly for large coal-conversion plants. 

Economics The ISBL 2004 Gulf Coast location erected cost, including first load of catalysts and chemicals, with 30% allowance for offsites. 

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