Battery specifications

It has already been noted that a battery is always manufactured for a specific duty. On the other hand, batteries are used to provide a wide variety of power requirements and, prior to the design of a battery system, it is essential to write an accurate specification. In this section three examples will be discussed. 

Cycle life 600 deep discharge cycles 50 Whkg  

Usage Intermittent with uneven demand during use. Must store and withstand overcharge 

Cost Battery cost + power for charging equivalent to petrol cost over mileage during battery Hfe. Say 600-1500 

The requirements for a heart pacemaker power supply are quite different (see Table 10.3). A primary cell will suffice and it need only have a power output of a few microwatts (jliW) but this must be supplied continuously for several years without maintenance and with absolute reliability. It must also be compatible with the body and operate at 37.4°C. Lithium/iodine cells are presently used for this application. 

With secondary batteries, it is not always possible to stop charging at exactly the correct moment. If the battery is overcharged, new electrode reactions must occur (e.g. electrolysis of water) and it is important that these reactions do not represent a hazard (e.g. the possibility of fires or explosion) or damage to the active material. 

It is essential for most batteries to be stored, sometimes for many years, without self-discharge (i.e. reaction between the anode and cathode active materials or between either and the solvent or electrolyte) or corrosion of current collectors causing a significant loss of performance. 

The battery duty may require that it provides power continuously, intermittently or at an irregular rate. It may also be expected to perform its duty or be stored under a range of conditions, e.g. a car battery in the USA must operate between temperatures of from — 30 to -t- 50 °C if it is to be successful in the extreme conditions of winter and summer. The battery may also have to be tolerant to various types of misuse, including occasional shorting, vibration and shock. 

This is the ability to perform to specification reproducibly and without failure. It will normally be expressed as a failure rate within a given period. 

It has already been noted that a battery is always manufactured for a specific duty. On the other hand, batteries are used to provide a wide variety of power 

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Sulfuric Fcid, Electrolytefor S torage Batteries, Specification O-S-801E, Nov. 21,1990 Sulfuric Fcid, Technical, Specification O-S-809E, Nov. 16, 1990 as amended Oct. 21, 1992, Eederal Supply Service, Ceneral Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 

The photovoltaic power source can be any commercial BSPM (Battery Specific Photovoltaic Module), or can be an ESPM (Electrolyzer Specific Photovoltaic Module). The electrolyzer can either be a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) or an alkaline type. 

Conventional solar panels are called BSPMs (Battery Specific Photovoltaic Modules). Most panels sold commercially are of this type and are designed solely to charge battery systems. These panels come in 12 volt, 24 volt and 48 volt configurations. Most have short circuit current ratings of from 2 to 10 amperes. 

Table 1.8 Open circuit voltage (OCV) and specific energy values for different types of battery. Specific energy values for USABC and gasoline...

In general, the specific peak power decreases with the depth of discharge (DOD) (cf. Fig. 3). Therefore, EV battery specification with respect to range and allowable depth of discharge limit should pertain to (whichever comes first) DOD values at which EV becomes incapable of the demanded acceleration, or to which the system... 

ANL/OEPM-82-5 Report for DOE, Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38 (1982) Lucas Chloride EV Systems, Battery Specifications (1984). 

The parameter ampere-hour capacity of a battery is more common (and mostly used in battery specifications) than the parameter watt-hour energy as it is easier to measure. 

Hence in this chapter, battery characteristics and their relationship to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrode reactions and to cell design will first be discussed. Later some battery specifications, the evaluation of battery performance and the design, manufacture and performance of some practical batteries will be described. The discussion will include both batteries presently manufactured and those under development. 

Battery-specific Improvements Possible in Impedance Spectra Fitting. 

The battery is a specific system that utilizes chemical reactions to provide sufficient power to a system in which the battery is one of the constituents. It is important to accurately design battery specifications to meet the requirements of the entire system. 

With these preparations, we can equate the driving performance of an EV/HEV and the basic battery specifications. To fully understand the vehicle driving performance, the forces and energy consumptions are required to be correlated to form dynamical equations. There are several resistive forces associated with vehicle driving ... 

Battery-specific safety training for maintenance staff and bus operators is also needed to complement the automated RESS monitoring and control systems. 

As previously mentioned, battery specifications comply with type of satellite and mission. 

Reminder the battery weight is less of a key factor compared to the GEO satellites as the launch price of 1 kg is less for LEO due to the lower altitude. Volume and performance tend to be key design drivers with batteries specifically tailored to each individual mission requirements. 

The ingredients of a Li-ion battery depend on the desired performance characteristics. For a high-energy application such as a battery for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) without an internal combustion engine, specific energy is the key property to maximize. Alternatively, for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), the battery specific power is more critical. The battery performance characteristics will determine the amount of active materials and the requisite structural materials that contain them within the battery. We used Argonne National Laboratory s Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model [9,10] to develop a materials inventory for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), PHEV and BEV batteries. 

Battery Specific Energy Specific Power Cycle life... 

XceUion Rechargeable Batteries Specifications Sheet. Accessed on June 25, 2013. http //w ww.greatbatchmedical.com/assets/products/Xcellion%20Rechargeable%20Batteries.pdf... 

Most primary lead is sold as soft lead or pig lead , with a purity of at least 99.90 per cent. High quality lead is specified as four nines or 99.99 per cent plus. Specifications for impurity contents are given in various Standards as shown in Table 14.1. Otherwise a wide range of alloys is produced to customer specifications, particularly antimonial and calcium-tin alloys and have not been standardised. Each battery manufacturer tends to have its own particular requirements to suit its own manufacturing needs and battery specifications. 

In this chapter, we have sketched the broad outlines of the research being conducted to improve the electrical performances of lithium-ion batteries (specific energies and lifetime). In parallel to these developments on lithium-ion technology, lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries are in an examination phase and should, in the coming years, become a viable competitor for lithium-ion batteries. They are examined in Chapters 9 and 10. 

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