Electrolyte solid-state

C.G. Vayenas, and D. Tsiplakides, On the work function of the gas-exposed electrode surfaces in solid state electrolyte cells, Surf. Sci. 467, 23-34 (2000). 

Figure 13 shows the principle of a galvanic cell having solid-state electrolytes. By closing the outer circuit, e.g., by a load, silver from the... 

A comprehensive survey of solar rechargeable PEC batteries, up to 1991, along with the historical development of photoelectrochemical cells has been given by Sharon et al. [61]. The principles and performance of solar PEC batteries with or without a membrane, with an aqueous solution or with solid-state electrolytes, are discussed there. 

The possibility of measuring the Volta potential in the system metal-solid-state electrolyte and using the data obtained to determine ionic components of the free lattice energy has been shown in our papers. Earlier, Copeland and Seifert measured the Volta potential between Ag and solid AgNOj in the temperature range between 190 and 280 °C. They investigated the potential jump during the phase transition from solid to liquid salt. 

The transport numbers of the ions can be determined by using a solid-state electrolyte. The cell voltage across an oxygen-conducting electrolyte subjected to an oxygen pressure gradient is given by the Nemst equation (Section 6.8.3) ... 

FIGURE 1.1 Oxygen ionic conductivity of various solid-state electrolytes. (Data from Kharton, V.V. et al., Solid State Ionics, 174, 135, 2004.)... 

Bridged polysilsesquioxanes having covalently bound acidic groups, introduced via modification of the disulfide linkages within the network, were studied as solid-state electrolytes for proton-exchange fuel cell applications.473 Also, short-chain polysiloxanes with oligoethylene glycol side chains, doped with lithium salts, were studied as polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. 

Figure 3.31. Organic solar cell with the molecular glass Spiro-MeOTAD as the solid-state electrolyte. The photosensitive ruthenium dye is attached as a monolayer to Ti02 nanoparticles, thus forming a large active area for photoinduced electron transfer.

Lei, B.-X. Fang, W.-J. Hou, Y.-F. Liao, J.-Y. Kuang, D.-B. Su, C.-Y., All-solid-state electrolytes consisting of ionic liquid and carbon black for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. 

As aforementioned, the introduction of carbon nanomaterials is an effective strategy to take on some of the contemporary challenges in the field of DSSCs. In particular, enhanced charge injection and charge transport processes in carbon nanomaterial-doped electrodes, efficient carbon nanomaterial-based, iodine-free, quasi-solid state electrolytes, and the use of novel nanographene hybrids as dyes are some of the most stunning milestones. All of these milestones are considered as solid proof for the excellent prospect of carbon nanomaterials in DSSCs. The major goal of this chapter is to... 

As mentioned in Section 18.2, iodine-free solid-state electrolytes that feature good contact with the mesoporous electrode, high ionic mobility, and good diffusion, are one of the most challenging objectives in ssDSSCs. In recent years, the use of carbon nanomaterials has been explored to tackle the above highlighted drawbacks. 

Fig. 18.5 Chemical structures of the family of fullerenes serving as hole transport materials in solid-state electrolytes.

Oxidized MWCNTs have also been tested in conjunction with solid-state electrolytes [107]. Compared to pristine MWCNTs, the oxidized MWCNTs have a better miscibility with the ionic liquids used in the electrolyte. Overall, a much improved gelforming ability resulted. The latter was clearly reflected in the device performance. In particular, devices with oxidized MWCNTs outperformed those with pristine MWCNTs and the reference devices in terms of photocurrents, Vocs, and efficiencies. Importantly, the device stability was also greatly enhanced when oxidized MWCNTs were implemented - 100 days with a loss of overall efficiency by less than 10 °/o. The authors ascribed the drop in efficiency to phase separation and subsequent leakage of ionic liquids. 

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