Memory retention

The combination of meclofenoxate [51-68-3] and citicoline [987-78-0] h.2is been reported to enhance learning and memory retention in aged rats (22). 

Numerous uses for PZT/PLZT thin films are under investigation. The device that, as of this writing, is closest to commercialization is a nonvolatile memory. This device, which utilizes a ferroelectric thin-film capacitor integrated onto siUcon circuitry, provides memory retention when the power is off because of the polarization retention of the ferroelectric capacitor. One and zero memory states arise from the two polarization states, — and +F, of the ferroelectric. Because PZT is radiation-hard, the devices are also of interest for military and space appHcations. 

Alzheimer s disease (AD) 2. In the hippocampus of p-amylo id-treated rats, an animal model of AD, 2-AG levels are elevated and exert neuroprotection but also participate in memory retention loss 2. Inhibitors of cellular re-uptake or CB-, antagonists, possibly depending on the phase of the disorder... 

Wetzel, W., Wagner, T. Balschun, D. (2003). REM sleep enhancement induced by different procedures improves memory retention in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci 18, 2611-17. 

Studies reveal that a homozygous GlyT-1 (-/-) knockout in mice is neonatally lethal. However heterozygous GlyT-1 (+/-) mice survive to adulthood and display enhanced NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus, better memory retention, and no disruption in sensory gating when dosed with amphetamine [15]. 

The structural analysis of membrane-associated peptides comprises two steps (a) the elucidation of the three-dimensional fold of the peptide and (b) the determination of the membrane-peptide interface. We will use our results gained for the 36 amino acid residue neuropeptide Y (NPY) [83] to demonstrate the approaches that can be used. NPY regulates important pharmacological functions such as blood pressure, food intake or memory retention and hence has been subject of many investigations (for a review see Ref. [84]). It targets the so-called Y receptors that belong to the class of seven transmembrane receptors coupled to G-proteins (GPCRs). 

Several studies have looked at the effects of combined preparations that include ginseng. A preparation of Biota orientalis, Panax ginseng, and Schisandra chinensis (S-113 m) improved memory retention in a passive-avoidance task with senescence-accelerated mice (Nishiyama et al. 1996). This combination also reduced memory impairments induced by ethanol and scopolamine in the step-down test and electroconvulsive shock-induced memory impairment (Nishiyama et al. 1995). 

Cross-linking reactions can give products with desired increased strength, memory retention, etc. but accompanying such cross-linking can be unwanted increases in brittleness. Throughout the text, cross-linking is an important reaction that allows the introduction of desirable properties. For instance, it is the basis for many of the elastomeric materials. 

BsO Clinical Correlations Link all topics to their clinical applications, promoting fuller understanding and memory retention. 

Memory retention impairment. Acetone/ water extract of the rhizome, administered intragastrically to male rats at a dose of 1 mg/ kg, was inactive vs inhibitory avoidance conditioning and water maze perform-ance °° . ... 

Fletcher A, Forster EA, Bill DJ, et al Electrophysiological, biochemical, neurohormonal and behavioural studies with WAY-100635, a potent, selective and silent 5-HTj receptor antagonist. Behav Brain Res 73 337-353, 1996 Fletcher PJ, Higgins GA Differential effects of ondansetron and alpha-flupenthixol on responding for conditioned reward. Psychopharmacology 134 64-72, 1997 Flood JF, Smith GE, Roberts E Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate enhance memory retention in mice. Brain Res 447 269-277, 1988... 

Bobbin-type and spirally wound cylindrical cells are now fabricated by a number of manufacturers. The former are used for low-drain long-term applications such as computer memory retention and have a useful life of at... 

Neuropeptides Y (NFY) and YY are 36-residue amidated peptides that are members of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family (Fig. 30-5). NPY is produced both in the peripheral nervous system and in the brain,110 134 where it is one of the most abundant neuropeptides. Another member of the PP family is semi-nalplasmin, a regulator of calcium ion transport in bovine sperm.135 NPY is best known for its stimulation of appetite. It also inhibits anxiety and increases memory retention. It has a vasoconstrictive effect on blood vessels, participating in cardiovascular regulation.136 137 Peptide YY is formed in endocrine cells of the intestine, while NPY is formed in neurons of the parasympathetic system.138 Both participate in regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion. Both are found in other vertebrate species.139... 

Inokuchi, J., Mizutani, A., Jimbo, M., Usuki, S., Yamagishi, K., Mochizuki, H., Muramoto, K., Kobayashi, K., Kuroda, Y., Iwasaki, K., Ohgami, Y., and Fujiwara, M. (1997). Up-regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis, functional synapse formation, and memory retention by a synthetic ceramide analog (1-PDMP). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237, 595—600. 

The use of multiple senses in chemistry experiments represents a more effective approach at mentally stimulating students and provides a better opportunity for memory retention as suggested by the effects of multisensory input in virtual environment experiments (Dinh et al. 1999). Research shows that olfactory stimuli enhance memory recognition (Cann and Ross 1989) and that once an aroma is retained, there is long-term resistance to distortion (Engen and Ross 1973). Coupling the sense of smell to hearing and touch provides a powerful combination to explore chemical principles in the laboratory. 

Takao K, Toyama K, Nakanishi K, Hattori S, Takamura H, et al. 2008. Impaired long-term memory retention and working memory in sdy mutant mice with a deletion in Dtnbpl, a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Mol Brain 1 11... 

Lee EH, Sung YJ (1989) Differential influences of corticotropin-releasing factor on memory retention of aversive learning and appetitive learning in rats. Behav Neural Biol 52 285-294. 

Table 1 Selected ferulic acid derivatives evaluated as antineurodegenerative agents. Only Entry 1 was effective in improving learning and memory retention. 1H NMR data for all derivatives supplied by author...

I. Effect of Administration, Learning, and Memory-Retention Ability on Mice... 

After injection of 1.85 g sample to the cerebral ventricle on each of three consecutive days, passive avoidance testing on days 1 and 2 and Y-maze testing on days 3 and 4 were conducted. Learning and memory-retention ability of the mice were performed according to the method of Song (1), while spontaneous alternation behavior of mice in a Y-maze test was performed according to the method of Yamada (2). 

Ferulic acid, (I), is obtained from the Korean angelica root by extraction. When administered to mice in the current investigation, a considerable improvement in memory retention was observed. This effect has also been reported by Castillo (3). Isoferulic acid, (II), was ineffective in treating dementia. 

The effects of HA on the dismption of spatial memory induced by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine and (y-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA)) against muscimol in the passive avoidance task was tested in chicks. The avoidance rate was evaluated as memory retention. Both scopolamine (100 ng) and muscimol (50 ng), injected intracranially 5 minutes before training, resulted in a decreased avoidance rate. HA (25 ng), injected intracranially 15 minutes before training, reversed memory deficits... 

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