Bacteriostatic substances

Enhanced resistance to biologically toxic or bacteriostatic substances ... 

The toxicity of this mildly bacteriostatic substance is reviewed in detail by Stewart et al. (1990). The use of borates has been abandoned because of their limited therapeutic value and high toxicity, resulting in few new cases of borate intoxication. 

Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Substances a) Phenols of Pharmaceutical Interest... 

If the membrane is pre-wetted with water or saline it prevents the subsequent seepage of the test solution to the edge of the membrane, which is difficult to wash, and so reduces further the carry-over of highly bacteriostatic substances such as the antibiotics. 

Wilkins, W. H., and G. C. M. Harris Investigations into the production of bacteriostatic substances by fungi VI. Examination of the larger basidiomycetes. Ann. Appl. Biol. 31, 26l (1944). 

Graded doses ofthe test substance are incorporated into broth dispensed in McCartney boules and the bottles inoculated with the test organism and incubated. The point at which no growth occurs is taken as the bacteriostatic concentration (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC). It is essential when performing these tests to determine the size of the inoculum as the position of the end-point varies considerably with inoculum size, which should always be defined in any description of result. 

Some or all of the events of this sequence are readily thrown out of balance, or even completely inhibited. Thus bacteria, particularly the rod-shaped organisms, may be induced to elongate into filaments by various treatments which apparently inhibit cell division but which do not inhibit growth. Such an effect is produced by various chemical substances, by sub-bacteriostatic concentration of certain antibacterial agents, as, for example, methyl violet, sulfonamides, /w-cresol, penicillin, irradiation, and higher temperatures of incubation. 

However, many other active substances produce an equal effect at much lower concentrations. The effect of kojic acid at inhibitory levels is bacteriostatic, not bactericidal. 

Dry mouth is the most common autonomic adverse effect, and patients should be alerted to its possible occurrence. Profuse sweating, especially at night, can also occur, but the precise mechanism is unknown. There is an increased risk of dental caries as a result of the loss of the bacteriostatic effects of saliva. This problem is further compounded when patients attempt to relieve dry mouth by ingesting hard candy or soft drinks therefore, sugar-free substances should be recommended. 

In contrast, there are substances like some nitrofurane derivatives for which the presence of particular molecular structures is the decisive condition. Thus, a nitrofurane derivative prepared by Casini and his co-workers (87) has shown bacteriostatic properties similar to classical low molecular preparations of nitrofurane, e.g. l-[5-(nitrofurfuryliden)amino]hydantoine. The polymeric substance shows an activity considerably longer than that of the reference substance if parenterally applied, whereas oral application gives no effect. This is easy to understand because, as already mentioned, polymers cannot be resorbed in the digestive tract. Here, the active polymeric substance [22] has been prepared by condensation of 5-nitrofuraldehyde with poly(acryloylhydrazide). 

In addition, substances like 42 are also bacteriostatically active 114). 

The extraction and purification of serum-derived immunoglobulin fraction in hen egg yolk by the combined treatment of the raw egg yolk with caprylic acid and ammonium sulfate has been reported.64 This simple two-step method proved to be rapid, reproducible, and suitable for batch processing of pooled egg yolks. The extraction procedure had no adverse effects on antibody titer. Caprylic acid is, in fact, a natural substance the concentration of autologous caprylic acid in serum is in the range of 40 ppm.65 No adverse effect of caprylic acid should be expected because of traces present in a pharmaceutical solution. Caprylic acid has a low toxicity for vertebrates but acts as a bacteriostatic agent. 

Tphe presence of the ketovinyl groups has been implicated in the anti-bacterial activity of a number of substances (I), both natural and synthetic (1—7). An example is penicillic acid which exists mainly in the cyclic form (I) whereas, at higher pH, the anion of the chain form (II) occurs (6, 8). Addition to or loss of the reactive double-bond in these compounds markedly reduces their activity (I, 6, 7). The bacteriostatic... 

C, D. Conjugated proteins. Prosthetic group. Hormones epinephrine, thyroxin, insulin, cortisone, ACTH. Chemotherapy. Arsphenamine, sulfanilamide and other sulfa drugs, penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, aiireomycin. Bacteriostatic action of sulfa drugs through competition with a bacterial growth substance, para-aminobenzoic acid. 

A suitable substance or mixture of substances to prevent growth of, or destroy, microorganisms accidentally introduced during use must be added to ophthalmic ointments that are packaged in multiuse containers, regardless of the method of sterilization employed, unless otherwise directed in the individual monograph or unless the formula itself is bacteriostatic in accordance with the USP (771), Ophthalmic Ointments. Schwartz... 

Salicylic acid has comedolytic and anti-inflammatory action. Also known as /3-hydroxy acid, it is deemed a more effective comedolytic than most a-hydroxy acids. In addition, it increases penetration of other substances, and in low concentrations is bacteriostatic and fungistatic. ... 

Another advantage manifested in the treatment of infectious disease but not in cancer chemotherapy involves the immunological response of the patient s body to foreign substances. In infectious diseases the drugs utilized are often only bacteriostatic. The body s... 

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms (antimetabolites) or their replication (a bacteriostatic effect). They were tracfi-tionally obtained by extracting them from cultures of microbes. However, most drugs on the market today are semisynthetic derivatives of natural... 

Finally, the stabilizing agents such as antioxidants, bacteriostatics and viscosity enhancing substances are added to the aqueous mobile phases when necessary. 

Chelate materials of this type are products of reaction of a metal base, such as calcium hydroxide or metal oxide, with weakly acidic organic substances with at least two functional groups. The ones used clinically are typically hydrolytically unstable, and this is responsible for their therapeutic effects. Ions released have beneficial properties, reducing inflanunation, being bacteriostatic and stimulating the odontoblasts to form secondary dentine. Ideally, calcium hydroxide chelates of this kind dissolve completely with time, and thus have the maximum possible therapeutic effect. 

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