Bacteriostatic effects

Abbreviations of prominent use properties of the various classes of commercial surfactants are shown in Table 1. Antimicrobial activity includes germicidal, bactericidal, and bacteriostatic effects emolliency describes lubrication or a soft feel imparted to skin by surfactants a hair conditioner is a substantive surfactant appHed from aqueous solution to impart a lubricating or antistatic effect and opacifters are used to thicken hand-dishwashing products and cosmetic preparations to convey an appearance of high concentration and to retard solvent drainage from foam. 

It has been known for some time that tetracyclines are accumulated by bacteria and prevent bacterial protein synthesis (Fig. 4). Furthermore, inhibition of protein synthesis is responsible for the bacteriostatic effect (85). Inhibition of protein synthesis results primarily from dismption of codon-anticodon interaction between tRNA and mRNA so that binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor (A) site is prevented (85). The precise mechanism is not understood. However, inhibition is likely to result from interaction of the tetracyclines with the 30S ribosomal subunit because these antibiotics are known to bind strongly to a single site on the 30S subunit (85). 

Antibiotics possess antibacterial activity and are used in the treatment of eye infections. Sulfonamides possess a bacteriostatic effect against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. They are used in the treatment of conjunctivitis, comeal ulcer, and other superficial infections of the eye. See the Summary Drug Table Select Ophthalmic Preparations and Chapter 6 for additional information on the sulfonamides. 

Fig. 11.5 Plates for the assessment of bacteriostatic effect of semi-solid preparations A, cup-plate B, ditch-plate.

Detailed photochemical studies of RBS and RRS have revealed that the photolysis of RRS produces RBS and NO quantitatively (Scheme 5.6) and the RBS produced undergoes further photodecomposition to generate NO and iron (III) [165, 168]. RBS has been tested as an NO delivery drug to the vascular and brain tissues by thermal as well as photochemical means [169, 170]. Due to the high solubilities in aprotic solvents, Roussin s salts are able to penetrate the endothelial cell membrane easily and deliver NO for hours [169]. RBS has been found to inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation [171] and Roussin s salts in general show a bacteriostatic effect, presumably due to the interaction of released NO and iron-sulfur proteins [172]. 

The effect of antibacterial drugs can be observed in vitro (3). Bacteria multiply in a growth medium under control conditions. If the medium contains an antibacterial drug, two results can be discerned 1. bacteria are killed—bactericidal effect 2. bacteria survive, but do not multiply-bacteriostatic effect Although variations may occur under therapeutic conditions, different drugs Lullmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology... 

Gindamydn has antibacterial activity similar to that of erythromycin. It exerts a bacteriostatic effect mainly on gram-positive aerobic, as well as on anaerobic pathogens. Gindamycin is a semisynthetic chloro analogue of lin-comycin, which derives from a Streptomyces species. Taken orally, clindamycin is better absorbed than lincomycin, has greater antibacterial efficacy and is thus preferred. Both penetrate well into bone tissue. 

Capreomycin has a pronounced suppressive effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Most strains of Mycobacterium kansasii are also sensitive to kanamycin, while other, nontuberculous strains are not sensitive to it. It is often used upon necessity of using parentemal therapy through deep intramuscular injections. Capreomycin is less toxic than kanamycin and has somewhat more of a bacteriostatic effect. Synonyms of this drug are capromycin, capastat, ogostal, and others. 

Pharmacology Penicillins inhibit the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptide. They are bactericidal against sensitive organisms when adequate concentrations are reached and most effective during the stage of active multiplication. Inadequate concentrations may produce only bacteriostatic effects. 

Dry mouth is the most common autonomic adverse effect, and patients should be alerted to its possible occurrence. Profuse sweating, especially at night, can also occur, but the precise mechanism is unknown. There is an increased risk of dental caries as a result of the loss of the bacteriostatic effects of saliva. This problem is further compounded when patients attempt to relieve dry mouth by ingesting hard candy or soft drinks therefore, sugar-free substances should be recommended. 

Sodium nitrite has multiple bacteriostatic effects, and is inhibitory to both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Nitrite is most inhibitory to both aerobic (Tarr, 1941a,b Castellani and Niven, 1955) and anaerobic (Shank et al., 1962) microbes over the pH range of 5.0-5.5, consistent with the hypothesis that undissociated nitrous acid (pK, = 3.4) is the active compound. Shank et al. (1962) concluded that rapid nitrite loss due to conversion of nitrous acid to gaseous NO... 

The first synthetic apiosyl nucleoside having a defined structure135 was 2-chloro-9- [3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-a-L-threofuranosyl]adenine (54). The synthesis of 9-[3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-/3-L-threofuranosyl]-adenine (55) has since been accomplished,138 and the bacteriostatic effects of the compound assayed. Inhibition of growth of both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus occurred in liquid cultures.76... 

The glycoside/aminoglycoside antibiotics, like the macrolides, exert a bacteriostatic effect due to selective inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, with the exception of novobiocin (26). The compounds neomycin (27), spectinomycin (28) and streptomycin (29) bind selectively to the smaller bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, whilst lincomycin (30) binds to the larger 50S ribosomal subunit (cf. macrolides). Apramycin (31) has ribosomal binding properties, but the exact site is uncertain (B-81MI10802). Novobiocin (26) can inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, and also complexes magnesium ion, which is essential for cell wall stability. 

The sulfonamide antibiotics were the first synthetic antibiotics to have general utility in human therapy (B-79MI10806). Of the numerous compounds thus developed, comparatively few are presently used in veterinary practice. They include sulfapyridine (40), sulfamethazine (41) and sulfadimethoxine (42). They are much less potent than the /3-lactams (dose 100-200 mg kg-1), and have a bacteriostatic effect. They are commonly used in combination with trimethoprim (43), when a synergistic effect is observed, i.e. the combination is more potent than either drug alone, and species of bacteria which are unaffected by the drugs individually are susceptible to the combination. 

It has been known for some time that tetracyclines arc accumulated by bacteria and prevent bacterial prutein synthesis. Furthermore, inhibition of protein synthesis is responsible for the bacteriostatic effect. Inhibition... 

No demonstration of bacteriostatic effectiveness of storage solution used for chromatography column. 

Teraguchi, S., Shin, K., Ozawa, K., Nakamura, S., Fukuwatari, Y., Tsuyuki, S., Namihira, H., and Shimamura, S. 1995b. Bacteriostatic effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on proliferation of Clostridium species in the gut of mice fed bovine milk. Appl. Environ. Microb. 61, 501-506. 

The dried rind of the fruit of G. cambogia, popularly known as Malabar tamarind , is used extensively all over the west coast of South India for culinary purposes and in Colombo for the curing of fish. The organic acids responsible for the bacteriostatic effect of the pickling medium in the Colombo curing of fish (Lewis et al., 1964 Lewis and... 

Blood-brain barrier Treatment of central nervous system infections, such as meningitis, depends on the ability of a drug to penetrate into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The blood-brain barrier (see p. 8) ordinarily excludes many antibiotics. However, inflammation facilitates penetration and allows sufficient levels of many (but not all) antibiotics to enter the CSF. [Note For cure of meningitis, it is important that a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic effect is achieved in the CSF. Yet, this is not without its problems, since rapid bacteriolysis in the infected CSF will liberate high concentrations of bacterial cell walls and lipopolysaccharide that can exacerbate the inflammation. This has led to the use of adjunctive (simultaneous administration of) corticosteroids, which diminish the inflammatory process and neurologic sequelae.]... 

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