Bacteriostats

The dihydrochloride is a white crystalline powder, m.p. about 225 C (decomp.). Used as an antiseptic and skin sterilizing agent, and as a bacteriostat in some pharmaceutical formulations. 

The various sulphonamides differ in their specificity to various bacteria and in their ease of absorption and excretion. They are bacteriostatic (inhibiting growth) and not bactericidal, acting by allowing the natural body mechanisms to destroy the bacteria. 

Sulphanilamide, the simplest member of a large series of bacteriostatic drugs, can readily be prepared by the following reactions. Acetanilide, when treated v ith an excess of chlorosulphonic acid, gives p-acetaniidobenzencsulphonyl chloride (Reaction A), w hich readily reacts with ammonia to give p-acetamido-benzenesulphonamide (Reaction H). The acetamido-group in the latter... 

A H Ac — CH Ph RrHg Bacteriostatic in vitro against Pscherichia coU and Sfnphyfocorcws fiureiw 4. ) 2... 

Specific bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli (681, 896, 899), Staphylococcus aureus (681, 896), Cocci (900), Shigella dysenteriae (681), Salmonella ryphi (681), Proteus vulgaris (681), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (681), Streptococcus (889, 901, 902) and Pneumococcus (901-904). 

Recently, however, new interest has developed due to their chemotherapeutic and bacteriostatic usefulness in animal husbandry. They also have been patented as herbicides and plant-growth-regulating agents. 

Bacteriorhodopsines Bacteriosms Bactenostasis Bacteriostat Bacteriostatic agent Bacteriostatic water Bacteroides Bacteroides fragilis Bactofugation Bactrim Bactrin... 

Water Treatment. Chlorine is an excellent bacteriostat, unsurpassed for use in residual water treatment and growth is expected to remain flat through 1992. Attempts by municipal and industrial water treatment faciHties to improve economics by increasing chemical efficiency and concerns over chlorine s involvement in the formation of undesirable organic compounds are the reasons for 2ero growth. 

The function of the essential oil in the plant is not fully understood. Microscopic examination of plant parts that contain the oil sacs readily shows their presence. The odors of flowers are said to act as attractants for insects involved in pollination and thus may aid in preservation and natural selection. Essential oils are almost always bacteriostats and often bacteriocides. Many components of essential oils are chemically active and thus could participate readily in metaboHc reactions. They are sources of plant metaboHc energy, although some chemists have referred to them as waste products of plant metaboHsm. Exudates, which contain essential oils, eg, balsams and resins, act as protective seals against disease or parasites, prevent loss of sap, and are formed readily when the tree tmnks are damaged. 

The pharmaceutical industry employs ozone in organic reactions to produce peroxides as germicides in skin lotions, for the oxidation of intermediates for bacteriostats, and in the synthesis of steroids (qv) such as cortisone (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). Vitamin E can be prepared by ozonation of trimethyUiydroquinone. 

Sterile water for injection is used mosdy for the solution or suspension of dmgs just before injection. In containers of 30-mL capacity or less, it may contain a bacteriostatic agent. Inclusion of such agents in larger volumes can cause toxicity. 

Bacteriostatic water for injection is sterile and pyrogen-free and contains bacteriostatic agents. The dmg involved must be compatible with the antimicrobial agents present. 

Food apphcations of sorbates expanded rapidly after issuance of the original patents in 1945 (92). The first uses were based on their excellent fungistatic properties and thus involved foods with low pH and/or low water activity in which yeasts and molds are the primary spoilage agents. More recent appHcation research has been directed toward utilizing the bacteriostatic properties of sorbates. 

Bacteriostasis is the process of preventing the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. When the bacteriostat is removed or its power is exhausted, however, the organisms can resume growth. Bis(2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichlorophenyl)methane (hexachlorophene) is a bacteriostatic agent. 

Sucrose monoesters (SMEs) are used as nonionic surfactants, in detergents and as emulsifiers in foods. Some SMEs have bacteriostatic activity and are used to prevent spoilage in beverages. Semperfresh, an SME produced in the U.K., is used as a coating to extend the shelf life of fmits and vegetables (21,29). 

Abbreviations of prominent use properties of the various classes of commercial surfactants are shown in Table 1. Antimicrobial activity includes germicidal, bactericidal, and bacteriostatic effects emolliency describes lubrication or a soft feel imparted to skin by surfactants a hair conditioner is a substantive surfactant appHed from aqueous solution to impart a lubricating or antistatic effect and opacifters are used to thicken hand-dishwashing products and cosmetic preparations to convey an appearance of high concentration and to retard solvent drainage from foam. 

P-lactam antibiotics, exert thek antibacterial effect by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. These antibiotics tend to be "kreversible" inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis and they are usually bactericidal at concentrations close to thek bacteriostatic levels. Cephalospotins are widely used for treating bacterial infections. They are highly effective antibiotics and have low toxicity. 

Gapreomycin, Viomycin, and Enviomycin. Capreomycin (Capastat, Lilly), a bacteriostatic, antimycobacterial peptide mixture isolated from Streptomjces capreolus was first reported in 1961 (106—108). This tuberactinomycin family member, shown in Table 4, was introduced into the U.S. market in 1971 where it has remained a usehil but nephrotoxic and ototoxic second-line alternative to first-line tuberculosis therapies. Because capreomycin is somewhat less toxic than viomycin (tuberoactinomycin B [32988-50-4]) C25H42N23O2Q (109,110), capreomycin has now displaced viomycin in the United States and most other markets. The stmcture of viomycin is shown in Figure 2. The related enviomycin (tuberactinomycin N [33103-22-9]), C23H43N23O2Q,... 

Dactinomycin, an antineoplastic dmg, was discovered in 1943 and is made in rather pure form by StreptomjcesparvuUus. Dactinomycin has some bacteriostatic antibacterial and antifungal activity, but high toxicity limits its use to antineoplastic therapy. It may be used alone or with other antineoplastics, with or without surgery and synergistic x-ray therapy. Dose limiting bone marrow toxicity may result in low white cell and platelet count. Intestinal mucosal damage also occurs. Reviews of more detailed chemotherapeutic information are available (217—222). 

It has been known for some time that tetracyclines are accumulated by bacteria and prevent bacterial protein synthesis (Fig. 4). Furthermore, inhibition of protein synthesis is responsible for the bacteriostatic effect (85). Inhibition of protein synthesis results primarily from dismption of codon-anticodon interaction between tRNA and mRNA so that binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor (A) site is prevented (85). The precise mechanism is not understood. However, inhibition is likely to result from interaction of the tetracyclines with the 30S ribosomal subunit because these antibiotics are known to bind strongly to a single site on the 30S subunit (85). 

In insect control, PEA has been considered as a mosquito repeUant (68), and its acetate has been used as an ingredient in Japanese beetle bait (69). The alcohol also has bacteriostatic action and antiflmgicidal properties (70—73), and it has been claimed as a surface-active agent (74). 

The principal use of (9-dichlorobenzene is to manufacture 3,4-dichloroaniline, which is a raw material for several herbicides and for the production of 3,4,4 -trichlorocarbaniHde (TCC), a bacteriostat used in deodorant soaps. Some is exported, but the amount is expected to decline as Brazil brings on increased capacity. A modest decline in U.S. consumption between 1989 and 1994 is expected. About 11,400 t were consumed in 1988. 

T -chloroaniline (PCA) [10647-8] hydrogen agriculture chemi-cals, carhanilide bacteriostats... 

Whereas these preparations do not possess the high bacteriostatic activity of quaternary ammonium germicides, they have the alternate advantage of being rapidly functional in acid solution. In comparative experiments of several different disinfectants, the acid—anionic killed bacteria at lower concentration than five other disinfectants. Only sodium hypochlorite and an iodine product were effective at higher dilution than the acid—anionic. By the AO AC use dilution test, the acid—anionic killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 225 ppm. Salmonella choleraesuis at 175 ppm, and Staphylococcus aureus at 325 ppm (172). 

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