Penicillic acid

Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystine, penicillic acid, patulin... 

Ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystine, zearalenone... 

Note The natural fluorescence colors of some flavonoids [7, 9] and anthracene derivatives [16] are altered by the ammonia treatment. This makes possible differentiation on the basis of color. Detection limits per chromatogram zone have been reported of 2 ng for morphine and heroin [2], 6 ng for ochratoxin A [5] and 1 pg for penicillic acid [13]. 

In order to detect penicillic acid (detection limit ca. 5 ng) the plate is heated to 110°C for 15 min after it has been sprayed with reagent this causes penicillic acid to produce pale blue fluorescent zones [17,18]. 

Chalcones yield orange-red to brown-colored zones [4] as do 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives, but their colors begin to change after 10 min and slowly fade [5]. Penicillic acid is visible as a greyish-black zone [18]. 

Note The reagent can be employed on silica gel, kieselguhr, cellulose and polyamide layers. When left exposed to air the whole chromatogram is slowly colored blue because of the formation of the blue cation (3) (see Reaction). The detection limits for patulin, moniliformine and penicillic acid are ca. 50 ng per chromatogram zone. 

Detection and result The chromatogram was freed from mobile phase, immersed in reagent solution for 1 s and then heated to 130°C for 90 — 120 min. Penicillic acid hRf 45 — 50) yielded yellow chromatogram zones which fluoresced yellow in long-wavelength UV light (2 = 365 nm). The detection limits were 50 to 100 ng per chromatogram zone. 

Fig. 1 Fluorescence scan of a chromatogram track of 0.5 gg penicillic acid.

Penicillin derivatives and cephalosporins e.g. penicillic acid, oxacillin, clonacillin,... 

Contamination of crops and products with ochratoxin A and related metabolites is not as directly associated with a particular fungus as is the case with the aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A is also likely to occur with other mycotoxins, such as citrinin and penicillic acid or patulin. In addition, it is not certain whether ochratoxin A contamination is only a storage problem or perhaps a dual field and storage problem. In cases such as coffee crops, the use of insecticides might help to control insect activity and consequently fungal infection. Coffee-berry borers are a major insect pest which can act as vectors to carry fungal spores, resulting in crop infection and ochratoxin accumulation. 

The first fermentation was accomplished in dark conditions at 25°C. The resulting active organic extract (mycelial and broth) (IC50 = 195-0 Xg/ml against A. hypochondriacus) yielded 1-hydroxy-2-oxoeremo-phil-l(lO), 7(11), 8(9)-trien-12(8)-olide (58), a novel natural product and penicillic acid (59), a known phytotoxin (Fig. 18). ... 

Although penicillic acid (59) is produced in high quantities in cultures of Penicillum cyclopium and Penicillum canescens isolated from corn seeds, its toxicity to animals have precluded further development as a herbicidal agent. 

Keromnes J, Thouvenor D, Role of penicillic acid in the phytotoxicity of Peni-cillium cyclopium and Penicillium canescens to germination of corn seeds, Appl Environ Microbiol 49 660—663, 1985. 

Penicillic acid, ochratoxin A, xandioinegnin, viomellin, vioxanthin see A. ochraceus... 

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