Other Active Substances

The TLC of amine mixtures, e. g., piperazine and various piperazine derivatives, on silica gel G layers, using the solvent chloroform-methanol-17 % ammonium hydroxide (40 + 40 -h 20) and the quantitative evaluation of such chromatograms through measurement of the spot sizes (cf. p. 135) has also been described [70a]. 

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However, many other active substances produce an equal effect at much lower concentrations. The effect of kojic acid at inhibitory levels is bacteriostatic, not bactericidal. 

Determination of the Saccharose.—The polarisation gives the percentage of saccharose at once if other optically active substances are absent the procedure is then as in (a). If, however, this is not the case, other active substances (invert sugar, raffinose) being present, method (6) 1 is followed. 

Preferably, the reagent should be soluble and stable in physiological solutions. If it is to be used for the modification of proteins in cells or such cellular components as membranes, the reagent should not be toxic or susceptible to metabolism that may transform it into other active substances. The modification reaction should proceed relatively... 

Because of high demand, ecstasy pills are frequently mixed with fillers and other active substances, most commonly amphetamines (speed), caffeine, and ephedrine (a natural amphetamine-like substance). Some pills have been found to contain DXM (dextromethorphan), a dissociative psychedelic found in some cough medicine, and PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine), a highly toxic hallucinogenic stimulant. 

How specific must the reactions of an autocatalytic cycle be for it to grow Imagine a cycle with n constituents, and m other active substances in the medium (which also include the reagents). Considering all possible reactions between the constituents and the other substances, King found that the cycle grows exponentially only if... 

Note that decaffeinated coffee is not inert. In addition to small amounts of caffeine (enough to stimulate sensitive individuals), it contains other active substances from the coffee bean that can be irritating to the nervous, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary systems. This is true of water-processed decaf, as well as die less safe solvent-extracted brands, which may contain residues of toxic chemicals. 

Accordingly, data on men who were tested with any particular substance are shown in two nonoverlapping groups those who received "only" that substance (whether once or more than once) and those who received "not only" chat substance but other active substances as well. 

One of them, that which comes from crystals of the double salt hemi-hedral to the right, deviates to the right, and is identical with ordinary tartaric acid. The other deviates to the left, like the salt which furnishes it. The deviation of the plane of polarisation produced by these two adds is rigorously the same in absolute value. The right acid follows special laws in its deviation, which no other active substance had exhibited. The left add exhibits them, in the opposite sense, in the most faithful manner, leaving no suspidon of the slightest difference. 

As it is nowadays often no longer practical to use organic solvents, it is recommended to select a different technique such as roll-mixing or comilling with povidone. That this method is also capable of producing an amorphous distribution of phenytoin and many other active substances is shown in Fig. 46 and in Table 78. In which two roll-mixed preparations are corn-pared with the crystalline active substance and a solvent-coprecipitate by X-ray diffraction. 

Methoxyethylmercury acetate (8) is readily soluble in water and can be used by itself as a seed dressing, but is generally used as an intermediate product in the preparation of other active substances in this group. 

For the parasitic flatworms these include acetylcholine (ACh) (inhibitory), serotonin (5-HT) (excitatory) and glutamate (excitatory in cestodes). Other active substances with weaker candidacies are dopamine (excitatory in trematodes), noradrenaline (mixed action depending on trematode species) and histamine (excitatory in cestodes). Based on the circumstantial evidence of immuno-cytochemical studies and by analogy with other organisms, it is reasonable to hypothesize that certain neuropeptides (e.g., NPF-related peptides, among others) may also have effects on the neuromuscular system of parasitic flatworms, but the functional studies to demonstrate this have yet to be done. 

As other active substances, gelatin and milk may be mentioned. However the greater part of the foods appear to be without chemical effect on the secretorial glands. Thus albumin, liquid or coagulated, starch and sugar produce no secretion. Diluted in water, they furnish no more juice than the water itself. 

The proteases of the yeast, whether those studied in connection with zymogen or those contained in hefanol, are evidently of the same nature as endotryptase. In all these cases we obtain the same reactions, characterized by a definite proportion of bases and of amino-adds. On the contrary, in the experiment of Boullanger dted above, other active substances are apparently concerned than those which constitute endotryptase, the products of digestion not being at all the same. The hydrolyds is not very thorough, and the extensive formation of ammonia does not correspond to an endotryptase reaction. 

The combination co-enzyme -1- zymase, which causes alcoholic fermentation, is influenced by other active substances which also come from the yeast. Notably it is sensitive to the action of endotryptase, lipase, and anti-protease. Endotryptase digests and destroys zymase. The juice, allowed to stand, gradually deteriorates as a result of a digestive action of the tryptic enzyme on the zymase. All the conditions which favor the activity of endotryptase (acidity of the medium, temperature of etc) are consequently detrimental to tire preservation... 

Nanocapsules can be formulated from a variety of synthetic or natural monomers or polymers by using different techniques in order to fulfil the requirements of various applications. Both, hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids are of high interest for encapsulation. So, e.g., either sensitive or volatile substances, as drugs or fragrances have to be encapsulated and protected for applications with a sustained demand of the respective compound. DNA, proteins, peptides or other active substances can be encapsulated in order to target them to specific cells. A further benefit of the polymeric shell is the possibility to control the release from the composite particles and hence the concentration in the environment. 

Use N. can be used in plant protection as a natural antifeedant and insecticide. These uses are due to azadirachtin. The oil is superior in action to the pure active principle this is due to the stabilizing effect of the oil and to its content of other active substances. Aqueous seed extracts or emulsions of the oil have traditional uses in India as insecticides and represent an important alternative to the use of synthetic neurotoxins (for mechanism of action, see azadirachtin(s)). In India the yearly production of the oil amounts to ca. 80000 t/a N. however, the larger part is used for the production of soaps. 

Lyr, H. Seyd, W. (1978) Chitin Synthetase Inhibition in Mucor rouxii Under the in vitro Effects of Fungicide and Other Active Substances , Zeitschrift fur Allergie and Mikrobiologie, 18, 721-9... 

Soaps are still major components of modem detergents, On the one hand, the formation of lather will be controlled by the addition of soap with long carbon chains. On the other hand, soaps based on coconut oil acids are components of liquid soaps, where they form lime soap by reaction with the components in hard water. In this way, they bind the polyvalent ions resulting from the water hardness. The formed insoluble lime soap is dispersed by an excess of soap or by other surfactants in the product so that it cannot deposit on the fibres. The major application of soap lies mainly in the field of human cleansing agents. Toilet soaps with different properties are easily obtained by the addition of lime soap dispersants, perfume oils, re-fatting agents, herbal extracts and other active substances. 

In Germany the use of narcotic or psychotropic substances is not appropriate if the intended purpose can be achieved in other ways, e. g. with medicines with other active substances. 

In the formulation of preparations for the oropharynx, taste and texture are features that are important for the acceptance by the patient. Pharmacy preparation can play an important role, because of the advantage that preparations can be tailor made according to the specific situation or taste of the patient. For instance, chemotherapy and several other active substances, may cause dry mouth and stomatitis, and mouthwashes or gels can relieve these problems. However, they should not cause irritation and must be accepted by the patient. This has to be kept in mind when choosing a vehicle, or the pH or the osmotic value of a preparation. 

A review of the cUiotoxicity of other active substances that are used in nasal preparations, including local anaesthetics, antibiotics, antihistamines and corticosteroids can be found in the literature [12]. 

The duration of the treatment with one or the other active substance may be typically different, causing the patient to be treated inadequate, either too short or too long. For example the combination of antibiotics and corticosteroids can result in bacterial resistance if the antibiotic is applied too long. Upon application of the combination of corticosteroids and antimycotics the patient may be treated too long with the corticosteroid or the treatment with the antimycotic is insufficient. 

Before initiating the design of a formulation and method of preparation, additional physico-chemical properties of the active substance should be defined such as particle size and particle size distribution, salt, polymorphism, aqueous solubility in dependence on pH, hygroscopicity, melting point, sublimation behaviour, water of crystallisation, dehydration temperature. The properties of the raw material are also relevant to the physical and chemical stability and the compatibility with the excipients and packaging. Furthermore, compatibility with other active substances has to be investigated when the new substance is to be administered through the same infusion line. 

A well-known example of isomerisation is the conversion of ergotamine into ergotaminine and, if the other carbon atom also is affected, in aci-ergotamine. Other active substances that degrade by isomerisation are adrenaline, colecalciferol, ergometrine, pilocarpine and tetracycline. 

Keep in mind not all antineoplastics belong to hazard categories 4 or 5 (see Sect. 26.3.3), and the other way round some other active substances (such as ethinylestradiol, lithium carbonate, ciclosporin, coal tar, metronidazole and tacrolimus) belong to class 4 or 5. 

Polymer dispersion users were initially attracted to the CIT/MIT combination product because of its greater efficacy (often 15 ppm of total CIT/MIT will be effective, compared with 100 ppm or more of BIT) and lower cost. However, polymer dispersions designed, either intentionally or by accident, to maximise the stability of BIT, i.e. net reducing, were found to as rapidly degrade CIT as with oxidising agents and BIT. Once this problem was recognised and resolved CIT/MIT either alone or in combination with other active substances, such as formaldehyde/ formaldehyde donors and Bronopol quickly displaced BIT as the polymer dispersion biocide of choice ... 

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