Secondary forms

The sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere can be primary, directly injected into the atmosphere, or secondary, formed in the atmosphere by gas-to-particle conversion processes (13). The primary sources of fine particles are combustion processes, e.g., power plants and diesel... 

The primary corrosion process exposes the steel surface. This enables secondary forms of corrosion to proceed within a chain of cause-and-effect mechanisms. 

Equation 11, physically, is the number of secondaries formed in the time interval dtp after the primary ions have travelled for a time tp and a distance, say x. This group of secondaries can now react to form tertiary ions over a distance (l-x) where l is the ion path length in the ionization chamber. The intensity of this group suffers an exponential decrease similar to that of the primary ions, such that the intensity of the tertiary ions formed from this group, dir1 , is given by... 

ROP. Their concentration is lower than the one of Ethyl- and Propyl-ROP at low conversions, but with increasing conversion they become the most abundant ROP group. Nevertheless, a noteworthy trend is observed for concentrations of all ROP groups, except Butyl-ROP, which increase rapidly after reaching conversion higher than 60%. This links the ROP formation to the secondary formed skeletal isomers of decalin (DMBCO) rather than to MBCN, which are present already at lower conversions in sufficient amounts. 

Primary or genetic lipoprotein disorders are classified into six categories for the phenotypic description of dyslipidemia. The types and corresponding lipoprotein elevations include the following I (chylomicrons), Ha (LDL), lib (LDL + very low density lipoprotein, or VLDL), III (intermediate-density lipoprotein), IV (VLDL), and V (VLDL + chylomicrons). Secondary forms of hyperlipidemia also exist, and several drug classes may elevate lipid levels... 

Primary osteoporosis is the most common form of the condition. The secondary form of osteoporosis is diagnosed when an illness and/or medications are present with a negative impact on BMD. Examples of common chronic conditions in old people that can cause secondary osteoporosis are seen in Box 5.14. Examples of drugs that can cause secondary osteoporosis are glucocorticoids, too high doses of thyroid hormone, anticonvulsants, and heparin. Especially the use of glucocorticoids has been known to cause severe osteoporosis even within a short period of treatment. Depending on the doses the development of osteoporosis can occur within a few weeks or months. 

Effective forms of contraception include both primary and secondary forms of contraception. Primary forms of contraception include Tubal ligation, partner s vasectomy, intrauterine devices, birth control pills, and... 

A second form of storage iron is haemosiderin (Weir et al., 1984). This is deposited in humans as a response to the condition of iron overload. Haemosiderin forms as insoluble granules with electron dense cores surrounded by a protein shell. It exists in two forms primary haemosiderin is the result of iron overload due to excessive adsorption of iron in the gut, whereas the secondary form is caused by the numerous blood transfusions which are used to treat thallassaemia (a form of anaemia). Electron diffraction indicated that the iron core in primary haemosiderin is a 3-line ferrihydrite with magnetic hyperfine splitting only below 4 K and, in the secondary form, consists of poorly ordered goethite. As goethite is less soluble in ammonium oxalate buffer solution (pH 3) it has a lower intrinsic toxicity (Mann et al., 1988). 

The answer is D. The most likely diagnosis in this case is CPT-II deficiency, although this is apparently a fairly mild case. The patient s muscle weakness and brown urine (myoglobinuria) are characteristic of this disorder. CPT-I deficiency would most likely manifest as liver dysfunction. A secondary form of carnitine deficiency due to exogenous factors such as malnutrition, infection, or dialysis, is unlikely. MCAD ordinarily manifests within the first 3-5 years of life. The patient s normal stature is inconsistent with Marfan syndrome, which is characterized by tall stature and very long bones in the extremities. 

Radar. Radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) devices operate by transmitting a particular form of electromagnetic energy, and processing that portion of it (the echo ) which is radiated back. Radar techniques are used to detect and locate targets, to control weapons, for navigation, and in a secondary form — for aircraft identification... 

ACTH stimulation of the adrenals will fail to elicit an appropriate response in states of adrenal insufficiency. A rapid test for ruling out adrenal insufficiency employs cosyntropin (see below). Plasma cortisol levels are measured before and either 30 minutes or 60 minutes following an intramuscular or intravenous injection of 0.25 mg of cosyntropin. A normal plasma cortisol response is a stimulated peak level exceeding 20 g/dL. A subnormal response indicates primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency that can be differentiated using endogenous plasma ACTH levels (which are increased in primary adrenal insufficiency and decreased in the secondary form). 

A neurological examination is normal in patients with the primary form of RLS, but patients with late-onset RLS symptoms and secondary forms may show evidence of a peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy [38], Apart from the established causes of secondary RLS, there are no known physical abnormalities associated with RLS. A low to normal serum ferritin level (45-50 mg/L) has been related to increased severity of RLS, and may be associated with an increased risk of the occurrence of RLS even in patients with normal hemoglobin levels [37,39], Therefore, evaluations of serum ferritin levels and percentage of iron saturation are highly recommended as part of the medical evaluation for RLS. 

The resinite macerals are in some ways the most varied group. They are derived from both the wound resins (terpenes) of plants and various other plant fats and waxes making up the lipid resins. The terpene-derived resinites are the most abundant type and they are found in most North American coals as ovoid masses. However, 1n some coals, especially in the western USA the resinite occurs mainly as a secondary form showing... 

Fig. 14.5 Forms, localization and systematics of portal hypertension (resistance-related and volume-related hypertension can occur either as primary or secondary forms)...

This clinical picture was described for the first time in 1951 by F. Mantz et al. (65) and confirmed in 1983 by P.J. McDonnell et al. Portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) is defined as a secondary form of pulmonary hypertension with portal hypertension. Frequency in patients with cirrhosis is given as 2-4%, in patients in an advanced stage of cirrhosis (e.g. presenting for liver transplantation) as 5-10% of cases, (s. pp 258, 735)... 

AA amyloid appears in a generalized form and is mainly stored perireticularly in the kidney, spleen and liver. This kind of amyloidosis occurs as (1.) a congenital form in cases of familial Mediterranean fever, (2.) an idiopathic (= primary) form without any associated basic disease, and (i.) a reactive (= secondary) form in chronic inflammations or tumours (e.g. Hodgkin s disease) as well as in drug abuse and AIDS. 

Haemochromatosis (HC) is a hereditary disease (autosomal recessive) affecting the iron metabolism. It refers to pronounced iron deposition, predominantly in the liver (>50% of the total iron in the body), but also in other organs, such as pancreas, spleen, heart, endocrinium, bone marrow, lymph nodes, salivary glands, basal skin layers and gastrointestinal epithelia. In addition to these hereditary (HFE-related) or idiopathic (non-HFE-related) primary forms, there are numerous acquired secondary forms of HC. At first, the cells of the RES become laden with iron. Only when the capacity of the RES is exceeded is there iron deposition in the parenchymal cells this leads to damage of the respective organs, (s. tab 31.17)... 

The report by K. Delbet in 1924 is considered to be the first observation of a sclerosing cholangitis. (325) In 1958 J. Seymour et al. distinguished between primary and secondary forms of the disease. (421)... 

The relationship to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) on the otherhand, has led to some questions. In majority of cases, cessation of hthium therapy did not translate into any improvement. It was therefore suggested, that either such cases were not due to hthium or were secondary forms of FSGS secondary to tubular injury brought about by chronic hthium therapy [136]. 

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