Apoptosis regulation

Zornig M, Hueber A, Baum W et al (2001) Apoptosis regulators and their role in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1551 1-37... 

FIG. 3. Apoptosis regulation at the MBT. The figure denotes the relative resistance of the embryo after the MBT to apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation (IR, X-rays) and the multiple mechanisms implicated in this resistance. 

Kajkowski, E.M., Lo, C.F., Ning, X., et al. (2001) Beta-amyloid peptide-induced apoptosis regulated by a novel protein containing a G protein activation module. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 18748-18756. 

The effect of prolonged fixation with formaldehyde on the antigenicity of the nucleus may differ from that of the cytoplasm. This phenomenon is exemplified by Bcl-2 and Bax, members of the same family of proteins involved in apoptosis regulation these proteins reside in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. It was recently demonstrated that prolonged fixation with formaldehyde alone irreversibly reduced nuclear or mitotic Bcl-2 immunoreactivity even after heat-mediated antigen retrieval in monolayers of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (Hoetelmans et al., 2001). 

Dickson AJ (1998), Apoptosis regulation and its application to biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol. 16 339-342. 

Marzo I, Brenner C, Zamzami N, Susin SA, Beutner G, Brdiczka D, Remy R, Xie ZH, Reed JC, Kroemer G (1998), The permeability transition pore complex a target for apoptosis regulation by caspases and bcl-2-related proteins, J. Exp. Med 187 1261-1271. 

Reed JC. Apoptosis-regulating proteins as targets for drug discovery. Trends Mol Med 2001 7 314-319. 

Bcl-w BCL2-like 2 protein Apoptosis regulator BclW... 

Beumer TL, Roepers-Gajadien HL, Gade-man IS, Lock TM, Kal FIB, De Rooij DG. 2002. Apoptosis regulation in the testis involvement of Bcl-2 family members. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 56 353—59... 

Figure 1. Schematic of the apoplotic signaling pathways. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway consists of the mitochondrial pathway. The extrinsic pathway mediates apoptosis through activation of the death receptors, TNF-o/Fas receptors. Apoptosis is executed by activation of proteases, known as caspascs. ATP is essential for apoptosis. Bel-2 family proteins are apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2 inhibits while Bid, Bax, Bad facilitate apoptosis. An interaction between these two apoptotic pathways exists. See text for a more detailed explanation.

The Bcl-2 family of proteins are considered as apoptosis regulating proteins. Members of this family are the Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL which are anti-apoptotic while Bax, Bad, Bid, Bim are pro-apoptotic. Fro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins can bind directly to the components of mitochondrial pore, leading to either its opening or closure respectively.16 Figure 1. Alternatively, pro-apoptotic members, such as Bak or Bax, insert into the outer mitochondrial membrane where they oligomerize to form a permeable pore.17 Furthermore, an interaction between the intrinsic and the extrinsic... 

Inohara, N. and G. Nunez. Genes with homology to mammalian apoptosis regulators identified in zebrafish. Cell Death Differ. 7 509-510, 2000. 

USE OF OTHER APOPTOSIS-REGULATED PROTEINS AND EVENTS IN DETECTION OF APOPTOSIS... 

Of the many regulatory influences that modulate Fas-mediated apoptosis, regulation by FLIP stands out. Flip is found in several isoforms that are structurally similar to caspase-8 but lack caspase activity. Flip can be incorporated into Fas-DISCs, thereby preventing DISC-mediated processing and release of caspase-8. 

A tissue microarray study using immunohistochem-istry and in situ hybridization to observe cell cycle and apoptosis regulating genes has shown multiple alterations in cell cycle checkpoints and major tumor suppressor pathways, some of which are linked to survival as well as EBV positivity. 

Bauer JJ, Sesterhenn lA, Mostofi FK, et al. Elevated levels of apoptosis regulator proteins p53 and bcl-2 are independent prognostic biomarkers in strrgically treated clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1996 156 1511. 

Apoptosis regulators at cell cycle checkpoint p53 p2 WAF1/Cip1 Mdm2 Survivin... 

Varfolomeev E, Alicke B, Elliott JM et al (2009) X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis regulates cell death induction by proapoptotic receptor agonists. J Biol Chem 284 (50) 34553-34560... 

Castedo, M., Coquelle, A., Vivet, S., Vitale, I., Kauffmann, A, Dessen, P., et al. (2006). Apoptosis regulation in tetraploid cancer cells. The EMBO Journal, 25, 2584-2595. 

Table 2. Diseases associated with defective apoptosis regulation...

Nagata S Apoptosis regulated by a death factor and its receptor Fas ligand and Fas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 1994 254 281-287. 

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