Damage of cell

The ocular irritation caused by cosmetic ingredients has been evaluated by the determination of the amount of histamine contained in tears. Contact of surfactants and the eye tissue cause an immediate dose-dependent release of histamine through direct cytotoxic damage of cell membranes. This method has been tested with sodium lauryl sulfate with volunteers [187]. 

Simultaneous decrease in the content of diene conjugates and increase in the content of Schiff bases evidence the quick shift of pro-/antioxidant equilibrium, generation of reactive radicals, and damage of cell membranes in EAC cells, because Schiff bases, generated as a consequence of interaction of malonic dialdehyde with aminogroups of phospholipids and proteins, are highly reactive compounds causing polycondensation of molecules and formation of intermolecular bonds. 

Membrane damage of cells can be used as a principle to determine the cytotoxicity of compounds or nanoparticles. The terminal stages of cell death lead to damage of cell membranes and to an irreparable loss of cell membrane integrity. This results in the leakage of certain cytoplasmic enzymes, such as adenylate... 

As already discussed, theory and experimental evidence suggest that an increased medium viscosity will reduce damage of cells on microcarriers because of the reduced intensity and frequency of interactions that cause cell damage in micro-carrier cultures. 

Being formed, at least partially, by oxidation of lipids, hexanal is involved in the staling of coffee in the presence of oxygen. Spadone and Liardon (1988, 1990) related the increase of hexanal in Rio coffee to the damage of cell membranes after massive invasion by mold species. Lipids, being not protected, are more susceptible to oxidation. 

There has been a strong but very selective interest in CIDNP on amino acids, strong because of the importance for the application of CIDNP to proteins (see Section 6.9), and very selective because only three amino acids (tr)q)tophan 10, tyrosine 11, and histidine 12, compare Chart 12 for their CIDNP spectra, see Ref. 185) are routinely useable for that purpose while two others, cysteine 13 and methionine 14, have received attention because of their putative role for long-range electron transfer across cell membranes or oxidative damage of cell components. 

The (irreversible) photoreactions of cysteine derivatives 48 with 4-carb-oxybenzophenone 49 in DzO have been investigated [137], the interest in these reactions being due to their model character for the damage of cell components. CIDNP spectroscopy allowed a detailed analysis of the rather complex mechanism (see Chart XX). 

Chromate reduction within cells is not expected to be random and nonselective, rather only certain small molecules and enzymes appear capable of reducing chromate at a significant rate under physiological conditions. The selective metabolism of the carcinogen chromate by cellular constituents may lead to selective damage of cell components by chromium metabolites and alteration of their normal functions. 

Photodynamic therapy causes cell death via necrosis and activation of signaling pathways that elicit apoptotic and/or autophagic response [19, 20]. Irradiation of cells in the presence of a photosensitizer leads to damage of cell... 

Bueiming, G. Hempel, D. C. Vital-fluorochromization of microorganisms using 3, 6 -diacetylfluorescein to determine damages of cell membranes and loss of metabolic activity by ozonation. Ozone Sci. Eng. 1996,18,173-181. 

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