Availability bisphenol

The antiplasticizing action has been described here for only three classes of commercially available antiplasticizers, but it has been observed, usually in a lesser degree, with other classes of compounds and low molecular weight polymers. These are, however, not commercially available. Bisphenol polyesters of isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid also have been antiplasticized the polymer chains, as would be expected, are all relatively rigid. 

Main-chain aromatic polysulfonates are disclosed in numerous patents. As in the case of the polyamides, they are mostly prepared by a two-phase polycondensation using an aromatic disulfonyl chloride in a chlorocarbon solvent on the one hand, and an alkaline water solution of a diphenol on the other. The most commonly used diphenol is the industrially available Bisphenol A, in conjunction with aromatic disulfonyl chlorides. Typical cases are reported by Thomson and Ehlers82, e.g. 

Commercially available bisphenol A polycarbonate (molding, extrusion grade-from General Electric Co.,... 

Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based poly(urethane ester) and poly(urethane amide) resins with an NCO/OH ratio of 0.5 are modified by commercially available bisphenol-A based epoxy resin and partially butylated ME resin... 

Any excess Bisphenol A in the reaction mixture will fnrther react with the epoxy resin to give a degree of chain extension. Thns, many commercially available Bisphenol A liqnid epoxies will have the following strnctnre, where n = 0.15 to 0.25 ... 

In order to prepare advanced molecules of poly(arylene ether sulfones) for fuel cell apphcations without sacrificing their excellent physical properties, Noshay and Robeson developed a mild sulfonation procedure for the commercially available bisphenol-A-based poly(ether sulfone) [62,63]. The sulfonation agents that have been used for this polymer modification are chlorosulfonic acid and a sulfur trioxide-triethyl phosphate complex. Recently, Kerres and co-workers [102] reported an alternative sulfonation process of commercial polysulfone based on a series of steps, including metalation-sulfmation-oxidation reactions. 

The Brominated Flame Retardants Industry Panel (BFRIP) was formed ia 1985 within the Flame Retardant Chemicals Association (FRCA) to address such concerns about the use of decabromodiphenyl oxide. Siace 1990 the BFRIP has operated as a Chemical Self-Funded Technical Advocacy and Research (CHEMSTAR) panel within the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) (64). As of 1993, members of BFRIP are Ak2o, Amerihaas (Dead Sea Bromine Group), Ethyl Corp., and Great Lakes Chemical. Siace its formation, BFRIP has presented updates to iadustry on a regular basis (65,66), and has pubhshed a summary of the available toxicity information on four of the largest volume brominated flame retardants (67,68) tetrabromo bisphenol A, pentabromodiphenyl oxide, octabromodiphenyl oxide, and decabromodiphenyl oxide. This information supplements that summarized ia Table 11. 

Long-term compression set resistance is described in Figure 4. Lower set values are achievable by use of higher viscosity gumstock at comparable cross-link densities. Compression set resistance is also very dependent on the cure system chosen. The bisphenol cure system offers the best compression set resistance available today, as shown in Table 5. 

Extruded Articles. In extmded article compounding, the most important parameters are scorch safety and flow characteristics (53). The bisphenol cure system again offers the best scorch resistance of the available fluorocarbon elastomer cure systems. Good flow characteristics can be achieved through proper selection of gum viscosities. Also, the addition of process aids to the formulation can enhance the flow characteristics. Typical formulations for extmsion grade fluorocarbon elastomers are given iu Table 7. 

Polynuclear Phenol—Glycidyl Ether-Derived Resins. This is one of the first commercially available polyfunctional products. Its polyfunctionahty permits upgrading of thermal stabiUty, chemical resistance, and electrical and mechanical properties of bisphenol A—epoxy systems. It is used in mol ding compounds and adhesives. 

Glass-reinforced polyester is the most widely used reinforced-resin system. A wide choice of polyester resins is available. The bisphenol resins resist strong acids as well as alkahne solutions. The size range is 2 through 12 in the temperature range is shown in Table 10-17. Diameters are not standardized. Adhesive-cemented socket joints and hand-lay-up reinforced butt joints are used. For the latter, reinforcement consists of layers of glass cloth saturated with adhesive cement. 

Recently, Dutta and Maiti [21] reported nitro displacement polymerization of the bisphenol dianion with the sulfone activated dinitro aromatic compounds. In addition, there have been recent reports of the development of functionalized PEEK [22] and polyether sulfone ketone (PESK) [23] that are comparable to commercially available high performance polymers. 

Diphenol/thiophenol is one of the most important polymer precursors for synthesis of poly(aryl ethers) or poly-(aryl sulfides) in displacement polymerizations. Commonly used bisphenols are 4,4 -isopropylidene diphenol or bisphenol-A (BPA) due to their low price and easy availability. Other commercial bisphenols have also been reported [7,24,25]. Recently, synthesis of poly(aryl ethers) by the reaction of new bisphenol monomers with activated aromatic dihalides has been reported. The structures of the polymer precursors are described in Table 2. Poly(aryl ether phenylquinoxalines) have been synthesized by Connell et al. [26], by the reaction of bisphenols containing a preformed quinoxaline ring with... 

The Ullman reaction has long been known as a method for the synthesis of aromatic ethers by the reaction of a phenol with an aromatic halide in the presence of a copper compound as a catalyst. It is a variation on the nucleophilic substitution reaction since a phenolic salt reacts with the halide. Nonactivated aromatic halides can be used in the synthesis of poly(arylene edier)s, dius providing a way of obtaining structures not available by the conventional nucleophilic route. The ease of halogen displacement was found to be the reverse of that observed for activated nucleophilic substitution reaction, that is, I > Br > Cl F. The polymerizations are conducted in benzophenone with a cuprous chloride-pyridine complex as a catalyst. Bromine compounds are the favored reactants.53,124 127 Poly(arylene ether)s have been prepared by Ullman coupling of bisphenols and... 

Data on additive production are mostly absent in LCI databases. Some data are available for metals production and for bisphenol-A, but even for widely used additives such as phthalates and brominated flame retardants, production data are not available. 

Besides the phosphite ligands based on BINOL, phosphite ligands based on bisphenol are also used in rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation. These ligands are shown in Scheme 28.7 and consist of a bisphenol with different substituents on the 3,3, 5,5, and 6,6 -positions. The ligands without substituents on the 6,6 -positions are only fluxionally chiral. The use of readily available chiral alcohols (21 aa-21 aj) such as menthol in combination with bisphenol was thought to induce one of the bisphenol conformations in preponderant amounts [49]. The... 

Research on fluorine-containing condensation polymers is rather limited compared to that on fluorine-containing addition polymers. This fact is attributed to the difficulty in synthesis and the high cost of fluorine-containing condensation monomers. Recently, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyhpenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (Bisphenol AF) with a hexafluoroisopropylidene unit, HOC6H4C(CF3)2-C6H4OH, was produced commercially from hexafluoroacetone and phenol, and now Bisphenol AF and its derivatives are available as condensation monomers. 

Much the most important polycarbonate in commercial terms is made from 2,2-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, commonly known as bisphenol A. This polymer was discovered and developed by Farbenfabriken Bayer [92], The synthesis and properties of this and many other polycarbonates were described by Schnell in 1956 [93], The polymer became available in Germany in 1959, and was given the trade name Makrolon by Bayer (in the USA, Merlon from Mobay). General Electric (GE) independently developed a melt polymerisation route based on transesterification of a bisphenol with DPC [94], Their product, Lexan, entered the US market in 1960. The solution polymerisation route using phosgene has since been displaced by an interfacial polymerisation. 

All the materials in this study are commercially available and were used as received. The compositions of the mixtures are given in Table I. The components can be described as follows Resin is a proprietary blend of acrylated epoxy resins with an number average molecular weight (Mn) of "4800, based on acrylated diglycidyl bisphenol A, DGEBAcr is the diacrylate derivative of diglycidyl bisphenol A, IBOA is isobomyl acrylate, TMPTA is trimethyloltriacrylate and DMPA is 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone. 

Polysulfones exhibit excellent thermal oxidative resistance, and resistance to hydrolysis and other industrial solvents, and creep. The initial commercial polysulfones were synthesized by the nucleophilic replacement of the chloride on bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfone by the anhydrous sodium salt of bisphenol A. It became commercially available in 1966 under the trade name Udel. It exhibits a reasonably high Tg of 190°C. 

Union Carbide, in 1976, made available a second generation polysulfone under the trade name Radel. Radel was formed from the reaction of a bisphenol and bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfone (structure 4.76). This polysulfone exhibits greater chemical and solvent resistance, greater Tg of 220°C, greater oxidative stability, and good toughness in comparison to Udel. 

Polymers XL-XLIII are commercially available. XL and XLI are referred to as poly-etheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketone (PEK), respectively. XLII and XLIII are known as bisphenol A polysulfone and poly ethersulf one, respectively. Polymers XLI and XLIII can be synthesized not only using the combination of A—A and B—B reactants, but also by the self-polymerization of appropriate A—B reactants. 

Polyetherimides (PEI) are polyimides containing sufficient ether as well as other flexibi-lizing structural units to impart melt processability by conventional techniques, such as injection molding and extrusion. The commercially available PEI (trade name Ultem) is the polymer synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution between 1,3-bis(4-nitrophthalimido) benzene and the disodium salt of bisphenol A (Eq. 2-209) [Clagett, 1986]. This is the same reaction as that used to synthesize polyethersulfones and polyetherketones (Eq. 2-206) except that nitrite ion is displaced instead of halide. Polymerization is carried out at 80-130°C in a polar solvent (NMP, DMAC). It is also possible to synthesize the same polymer by using the diamine-dianhydride reaction. Everything being equal (cost and availability of pure reactants), the nucleophilic substitution reaction is probably the preferred route due to the more moderate reaction conditions. 

Synthesis Epoxy resins consisting ofglycidyl ether, ester and amines are generally prepared by the condensation reaction between diol, dibasic acid or amine and epichlorohydrin in the presence of sodium hydroxide with the elimination of hydrochloric acid. The commercially available epoxy resins are, however, made by the reaction of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)-based novolac epoxy resins have also been reported [342]. 

Pure ( analytical grade ) bisphenol A diglycidyl ether was tested in one experiment by skin application in CFl mice no epidermal, but a few dermal tumours were observed in males and there was a small increase in the incidence of lymphoreticular/haemato-poietic tumours in females (lARC, 1989). No subsequent studies were available to the Working Group. 

No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether were available. 

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