Glass-reinforced polyester

Thermoformed acryHc sheet is displacing gel coats in some bathtub appHcations spas have converted almost exclusively to formed acryHc sheet reinforced with glass-reinforced polyester laminations due to higher temperatures and higher stmctural requirements. 

Some polymers from styrene derivatives seem to meet specific market demands and to have the potential to become commercially significant materials. For example, monomeric chlorostyrene is useful in glass-reinforced polyester recipes because it polymerizes several times as fast as styrene (61). Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) [9003-59-2] a versatile water-soluble polymer, is used in water-poUution control and as a general flocculant (see Water, INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT FLOCCULATING AGENTs) (63,64). Poly(vinylhenzyl ammonium chloride) [70304-37-9] h.a.s been useful as an electroconductive resin (see Electrically conductive polya rs) (65). 

Certain anhydrous stannates are effective as smoke suppressants in glass-reinforced polyester, especially Na2Sn(OH)g [12058-66-1] and ZnSnO ... 

Corrosion. Aqueous solutions of citric acid are mildly corrosive toward carbon steels. At elevated temperatures, 304 stainless steel is corroded by citric acid, but 316 stainless steel is resistant to corrosion. Many aluminum, copper, and nickel alloys are mildly corroded by citric acid. In general, glass and plastics such as fiber glass reinforced polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), and cross-linked poly(vinyl chloride) are not corroded by citric acid. 

Glass-reinforced polyester is the most widely used reinforced-resin system. A wide choice of polyester resins is available. The bisphenol resins resist strong acids as well as alkahne solutions. The size range is 2 through 12 in the temperature range is shown in Table 10-17. Diameters are not standardized. Adhesive-cemented socket joints and hand-lay-up reinforced butt joints are used. For the latter, reinforcement consists of layers of glass cloth saturated with adhesive cement. 

Fig. 3.32 Typical fatigue behaviour of glass reinforced polyester...

Different core materials are used. They include foam, honeycomb core (plastic, paper, aluminum, etc.), ribs, balsa wood, filler spacers, corrugated sheet spacers, etc. Materials such as polyurethane foam, cellulosic foams, and polystyrene foams are widely used as core materials. Plastics, such as glass-reinforced polyester, are frequently used as the skins for panels. Different skin materials are used such as metallic skins alone or in conjunction with plastic skins. 

Owen M.J. and Bishop, P.T. (1973). Critical stress intensity factors applied to glass reinforced polyester resin. J. Composite Mater. 7, 146-159. 

Shipment and Storage. Sulfur dichloride, if kept dry, is noncorrosive at ambient temperatures, thus carbon steel and iron can be used in the construction of tanks, piping, and drums. However, when water or humidity is present, materials resistant to hydrochloric acid must be used, eg, glass-lined pipe, Teflon, titanium, Hastelloy C, or possibly a chemically resistant, glass-reinforced polyester. Threaded pipe joints should be assembled with Teflon tape. Hoses should be constructed with a Teflon inner lining with the outer tube constructed of Neoprene or braided 316 stainless steel protected by an adequate thickness of Teflon. Sulfur dichloride should be stored away from heat and away from direct rays of the sum. Toluene and sulfur dichloride react exothermically when catalyzed by iron or ferric chloride. Safety precautions should be followed when such a mixture is present (165). 

Aliphatic organofunctional silanes recommended as coupling agents for glass-reinforced polyesters, epoxies, or phenolics have heat stabilities of typical aliphatic organic chemicals and are not at all comparable to the methyl or phenyl silicones found in silicone polymers and resins. 

Impregnated wood, glass-reinforced polyester or precast concrete are acceptable materials for water basin. 

Air inlet louver boards shall be easily removed to permit access to the tower and designed for an even air distribution into the tower. Minimum thickness of louver board shall be 1 -inch nominal for wood and f-inch nominal for corrugated asbestos cement. Glass-reinforced polyester louvers may be employed. 

Uses Xylene occurs in the manufacture of different petroleum products and as an impurity in benzene and toluene. It is a colorless and flammable liquid. Commercial xylene is a mixture of three isomers, namely, ortho-, meta-, and paraisomer. It is extensively used in industries associated with paints, rubber, inks, resins, adhesives, paper coating, solvents, and emulsifiers. It also is used in the manufacture of plasticizers, glass-reinforced polyesters, and alkyl resins. Xylene is used as an important raw material. 

Kandola, B. K., Akonda, M. H., and Horrocks, A. R. Use of high-performance fibres and intumescents as char promoters in glass-reinforced polyester composites, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2005, 88, 123-129. 

Mouritz, A. P. and Mathys, Z., Post-fire mechanical properties of glass-reinforced polyester composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2001, 61, 475. 

Heavy trucks and farm tractors are using RIM parts made with poly-dicyclopentadiene (P-DCPD). This material went from industrial applications to heavy-vehicle exterior components competing with fiber glass reinforced polyester (FRP) (Chapter 15) and aluminum. The big breakthrough in the heavy truck arena came in 1996 with the Kenworth T2000 18-wheeler, which had 14 exterior components of P-DCPD varying in size from an 80 lb roof fairing to smaller parts of 10 to 15 lb each. In the past couple of years P-DCPD RIM has made its mark in the hood of Class 8 heavy trucks. 

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