Injector automatic

Important to environmental analysis is the ability to automate the injection, as weU as the identification and quantitation of large numbers of samples. Gc/ms systems having automatic injectors and computerized controllers have this capabiUty, even producing a final report in an unattended manner. Confirmation and quantitation are accompHshed by extracting a specific ion for each of the target compounds. Further confirmation can be obtained by examining the full scan mass spectmm. 

Immediate treatment of an exposed individual is essential. The U.S. regimen includes the pretreatment, and after exposure atropine and 2-PAM are self-adininistered. Eurther treatment includes up to two additional doses, followed by the tranquilizer VaHum. As required, artificial respiration is instituted, clearing the airway if necessary. The current standard U.S. Army atropine item is the automatic injector, Atropen, designed for self-adininistration by the individual in the field. 

Gas chromatography analysis was performed on a Hewlett Packard GC Model 5890 equipped with a flame ionization detector and automatic injector 7673A. 

Cells are lysed for Firefly and Renilla luciferase assays using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega), following the manufacturer s instructions. We use a multimode microplate reader with automatic injectors (FLUOROstar Optima from BMG Labtech, OfFenburg, Germany) for luminescence measurements. 

Automatic injectors, which eliminate variations due to the analyst, improving reproducibility, and which can be controlled by computer, are of value where large numbers of samples are to be analysed or unattended operation is required. Samples and standards loaded into racks or turntables can be run in a predetermined sequence and under different operating conditions. Such devices can also be used for single samples to improve injection precision. 

MORPHINE SULFATE INJECTION USP 10MG AUTOMATIC INJECTOR 6505013025530 EA 5,88 ... 

Chromatography. Compounds of essential oil were determined by the means HEWLETT -PACKARD 5890 Series 11 system, with capillary coluttm HP-5, FID detector, Split-spht less system for injection and automatic injector HP 7673. 

Dialog 15, shown in Figure 1, is used for sample definition. This includes identification of the location of the sample in the automatic injector, the column set in use, the data collection rate, the detectors to be used, the operators initials and the sample identification. This definition file may be modified and displayed on the terminal, or printed. The file is updated during operation to show the current status of the samples. 

Chromatographic System. The isocratic liquid chromatograph used was a Waters Associates (Milford, MA) Model 24A alc which included a Model 6000A Solvent Delivery System, a Model 401 Differential Refractometer and a Model 440 Absorbance Detector operating at 254 nm and was fitted with a WISP automatic injector. The analog outputs of the UV absorbance detector or differential refractometer were recorded with a Model 730 Data Module (printer, plotter, integrator)(Waters). Eluent flow rate was 1.0 ml/min unless otherwise noted. 

With commercially available automatic sampling devices, large numbers of samples can be routinely analyzed by LC without operator intervention. Such equipment is popular for the analysis of routine samples (e.g., quality control of drugs), particularly when coupled with automatic data-handling systems. Automatic injectors are indispensable in unattended searching (e.g., overnight) for chromatographic parameters such as solvent selectivity, flow rate, and temperature optimization. 

The whole atomizer may be water cooled to improve precision and increase the speed of analysis. The tube is positioned in place of the burner in an atomic absorption spectrometer, so that the light passes through it. Liquid samples (5-100 mm ) are placed in the furnace, via the injection hole in the centre, often using an autosampler but occasionally using a micro-pipette with a disposable, dart-like tip. Solid samples may also be introduced in some designs, this may be achieved using special graphite boats. The sample introduction step is usually the main source of imprecision and may also be a source of contamination. The precision is improved if an autosampler is used. These samplers have been of two types automatic injectors and a type in which the sample was nebulized into the furnace prior to atomization. This latter type was far less common. 

This simple method is used in industry for repetitive analyses. For such analyses, the chromatograph must be equipped with an autosampler, including a sample tray and an automatic injector. The single reference solution, periodically injected for control purposes, can be used to compensate for baseline drifts. It is not necessary to add an internal standard to each of the samples, as discussed below. 

Inject each working calibration standard and standard mixture (including any optional internal standard) individually into the automatic injector. 

The second half of the 1990s saw an increase in the use of dialysis (as a liquid-liquid extraction procedure). Its main advantage is the possibility of operating in an automatic mode by coupling a dialysis unit with an automatic injector, as demonstrated not only in HPLC analysis (17) but also in flow-injection determinations of reducing sugars in wines (18) and alcoholic fermentation broths (19). 

The closed-loop type artificial pancreas (specifically 8-cell), which consists of an automatic continuous monitor of blood glucose level (BGL) and an automatic injector of insulin which are coupled with feed-back system, has great potential for prevention of diabetic complication such as micro-angiopathies(l). A large-scale closed-loop type artificial pancreas for bedside use has already been developed and is clinically used at some laboratories and hospitals (2-4). However, this device is limited to only bedside use. On the other hand, the open-loop type artificial pancreas which consists of only a insulin injecting pump without an automatic continuous monitor of BGL, has been developed and is going to be clinically used(5-7). This system, however, can not completely control BGL as well as the bare pancreas in a normal body and often causes lower BGL(8-9). 

The authors applied this concept to both gas/liquid (see Figure 3.75) and liquid/ liquid systems (see Figure 3.76). This set-up consisted in the core of a tubular reactor with an interdigital micro mixer as dispersion unit (compare Figure 3.77). The peripheral equipment consisted of an automated pipetting robot, a fraction collector and a gas-chromatograph equipped with an automatic injector. 

The end products of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob and sugarcane bagasse were analyzed by using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (Waters, Milford, MA) equipped with a Rheodyne automatic injector with a 20- iL injection capacity loop, a Shodex Sugar SC 1011 column, and an integrator model 747 with a model 410 RI detector. The mobile phase was deionized water, and the flow rate was adjusted to 0.8 mL/min. 

Figure 19.1. A Varian 3800 gas chromatograph coupled to a flame ionization detector and a Varian CP-8400 automatic injector operated by Varian Star Workstation Software Version 5.

Injectors Sample injection devices range from simple syringes to fully programmable automatic injectors. The amount of sample that can be injected into a capillary column without overloading is small compared with the amount that can be injected into a packed column, and may be less than the smallest amount that can be manipulated satisfactorily by syringe. Capillary columns are therefore used with injectors able to split samples into two fractions, a small one that enters the column and a large one that goes to waste (split injector). Such injectors may also be used in a splitless mode for analyses of trace or minor components. 

Reliable quantitative results are obtained by external calibration if automatic injectors or autosamplers are used. This method involves direct comparison of the peak responses obtained by separately chromatographing the test and reference standard solutions. If syringe injection, which is irrepro-ducible at the high pressures involved, must be used, better quantitative results are obtained by the internal calibration procedure where a known amount of a noninterfering compound, the internal standard, is added to the test and reference standard solutions, and the ratios of peak responses of the analyte and internal standard are compared. 

Trace analysis including previous element concentration procedures as well as partial matrix removal (II.B.2) produces an increase in RSD with an injection volume of only 10 jal of 7.6 relative percent in a copper concentration of 0.0021 weight percent and to 16 relative percent with a manganese content of 0.00088 weight percent. Use of an automatic injector can improve the reproducibility of the sample volume considerably [14]. 

Sidell, F.R., Markis, J.E., Griff, W.A., Kaminskis, A. (1974). Enhancement of drug absorption after administration by an automatic injector. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 2 197-210. 

The HPLC system comprised a Beckman 116 programmable solvent pump with a Beckman 168 photodiode detector—this was checked and data were processed with the Gold Nouveau software system (Beckman Coulter, Palo Alto, CA) and a Beckman 507 automatic injector with a 100.0-pL loop and a heating chamber for the columns. Analyses were carried out with an Ultrasphere ODS column (5.00-pm particle size, 15.0 cm x 4.60 mm internal diameter) purchased from Beckman Coulter. A guard column (2.00 cm x 2.00 mm internal diameter), packed with Sperisorb RP-18 (30.0 0.0 pm pellicular), was supplied by Upchurch Scientific (Oak Harbor, WA). 

CE experiments were performed on a Bekcman P/ACE System 2200, equipped with an autosampler, a temperature-controlled fluid-cooled capillary cartridge, an automatic injector, a power supply able to deliver up to 30kV, and a UV detector. A System Gold Software data system version 810 was used for instrument control and for data acquisition and analysis. The separations were performed using a neutral capillary (eCAP Neutral Capillary, Beckman Instruments) of 45 cm (33 cm to the detector window) x 50 pm internal diameter. This capillary utilizes a secondary layer of polyacrylamide to generate a hydrophilic surface. 

---