Aromatic residue oil

The first commercial oil-fumace process was put into operation in 1943 by the Phillips Petroleum Co. in Borger, Texas. The oil-fumace blacks rapidly displaced all other types used for the reinforcement of mbber and today account for practically all carbon black production. In the oil-fumace process heavy aromatic residual oils are atomized into a primary combustion flame where the excess oxygen in the primary zone bums a portion of the residual oil to maintain flame temperatures, and the remaining oil is thermally decomposed into carbon and hydrogen. Yields in this process are in the range of 35 to 50% based on the total carbon input. A broad range of product quaHties can be produced. 

Carbon Black Oil Usually a viscous, highly aromatic residual oil utilized in the manufacture of carbon black. These oils may also contain polynuclear aromatic compounds, hydrogen sulfide, and ash. 

Furnace carbon black is produced from the incomplete combustion of what is called carbon black oil feedstock, which consists of heavy aromatic residue oils. In the United States this oil is commonly the bottoms from catalytic cracker units. They are commonly referred to as cat cracker bottoms and contain relatively low hydrogen content (and conversely high carbon content). In Europe and other locations, the carbon black oil used is commonly a byproduct of high-temperature steam cracking of such products as naphtha, gas condensate, and gas oil to produce ethylene, propylene, and other olefins. Here, no catalysts are used in the cracking process. These types of carbon black oils are mainly unsaturated hydrocarbons. A third source of carbon black feedstock is coal tar, which is commonly used in China to manufacture carbon black. 

The conversion takes place at high temperature (820-850°C) and very short residence time (hundredth of seconds) in the presence of steam. The by-products are hydrogen, methane and a highly aromatic residual fuel-oil. 

The oil-fiimace process, based on the partial combustion of Hquid aromatic residual hydrocarbons, was first introduced in the United States at the end of World War II. It rapidly displaced the then dominant channel (impingement) and gas-furnace processes because it gave improved yields and better product quahties. It was also independent of the geographical source of raw materials, a limitation on the channel process and other processes dependent on natural gas, making possible the worldwide location of manufacturing closer to the tire customers. Environmentally it favored elimination of particulate air pollution and was more versatile than all other competing processes. 

Carbon blacks are manufactured from hydrocarbon feedstocks by partial combustion or thermal decomposition in the gas phase at high temperatures. World production is today dominated by a continuous furnace black process, which involves the treatment of viscous residual oil hydrocarbons that contain a high proportion of aromatics with a restricted amount of air at temperatures of 1400-1600 °C. 

Furnace Black One of the three principal processes used for making carbon black the others being the Thermal Black and the Channel Black processes. In the Furnace Black process, aromatic fuel oils and residues are injected into a high velocity stream of combustion gases from the complete burning of an auxiliary fuel with an excess of air. Some of the feedstock is burned, but most of it is cracked to yield carbon black and hydrogen. The products are quenched with water. 

The bottom of the barrel contains heavy, smelly compounds that have polyaromatic rings and that contain up to several percent of S and N in aromatic rings and in side chains sulfides and amines. This fi action will not boil below temperatures where the molecules begin to crack, and it is called residual oil or vacuum resid if it boils at reduced pressure. This fraction also contains perhaps 0.1% of heavy metals tied up as porphyrin rings in the polyaromatics. All these species are severe poisons to either FCC or catalytic reforming... 

Throughout this period Avon weed killer, a highly aromatic residue from the Edeleanu process, was about the only oil sold for purely herbicidal purposes. Meanwhile, Diesel oil was becoming popular as an automotive fuel and attempts were being made to improve its quality by removing its aromatic ingredients, a process that decreased its toxicity to plants. 

Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate an oil of paraffinic character (see paraffin), values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition (as opposed to a specific laboratory analysis), VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils (see bottoms), asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of non-hydrocarbons. See Saybolt Universal Viscosity, specific gravity. 

Laboratory studies with petroleum and petroleum fractions. The first report of microbial oxidation of sulfur heterocycles was published by Walker et al. (28). Using computerized mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the residual oil extracted from aerobically-grown mixed cultures, they observed losses of 40% of the dibenzothiophenes and 50% of the naphthobenzothiophenes. They concluded that the sulfur-containing aromatics were approximately twice as resistant to microbial degradation as their hydrocarbon analogues. 

The oil furnace process uses aromatic petroleum oils and residues as feedstock and in the oil furnace process (Fig. 1), a highly aromatic feedstock oil (usually a refinery catalytic cracker residue or coal tar-derived material) is converted to the desired grade of carbon black by partial combustion and pyrolysis at 1400 to 1650°C in a refractory (mainly alumina) -lined steel reactor. 

Paraffin Olefin Aromatics Fuel oil Cracked gas Residue ... 

A sill of about 4m thickness also occurs in the Rundle deposit. The thermal effect has been to form and relocate volatile hydrocarbons and leave a non-reactive aromatic residue on the oil shale adjacent to the intrusive (6). 

Clay treating has a marked effect on the oxidation stability of oil 7 (Table 5.4), described as a moderately aromatic residual-type base stock of intermediate VI. 

Phase fractionation. Hydrocarbon accumulations whose characteristics are attributed to phase fractionation have been documented in a number of northern, principally shallow water. Gulf of Mexico fields (Thompson 1987, 1988 Curiale Bromley 1996 Meulbroek et al. 1998 Losh et al. 2002). This process has been credited with producing a spectrum of alteration products, most notably residual aromatic-rich oils that are depleted in low molecular components and fractionated paraffinic gas-condensates, both of which are common in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

In geologic conditions nonpolar, hydrophobic substances under consideration, depending on pressure and temperature are capable of changing their phase state and can be gaseous, liquid or even solid. In gas state they form underground gas whose composition is dominated by such components as CH, more rarely and very rarely CO. Liquid nonpolar substances are mobile solutions (crude oil, oil products, residual oil, etc.,) whose composition is dominated by complex non-volatile organic compounds, namely, liquid alkanes (from pentane to heptadecane), almost all naphthenes, numerous aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, isopropyl benzene, etc.), which in pure form may have melting temperature below 0 °C. 

Mobile nonpolar substances, as a rule, are liquid complex solutions. They exist independently of the subsurface water and rock and are capable of floating up and accumulating. Their composition is dominated first of all by alkane, naphthene and aromatic hydrocarbons with high molecular mass. At great depths they are represented by crude oils and at shallow depths their presence, as a rule, is associated with contamination of the geologic medium by petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene, residual oil, toluene, etc.). Most of their compounds in standard conditions and in pure form are in liquid and vapourous state. 

Following gas analysis, each gold tube was cut open with clippers and the residual oil was extracted three times by sonication in pentane to obtain the saturate and aromatic residual liquid fraction The pentane extract was decanted and passed through a 0.45 pm nylon filter to recover pyrobitumen. The dry ice/acetone bath used to trap the C -Ci2 fraction during gas analysis was removed and the trap rinsed thrice with pentane and then added to the gold tube pentane extract. Details of the gas analysis and solvent extraction procedure were discussed in Hill et al (1996, 2003). 

Despite the fact that sulfur metal compounds poison many metallic catalysts, transition-metal compounds such as molybdenum and tungsten, while converting to sulfides during use, retain their ability to hydrogenate aromatic compounds (6) because their exceptional resistance to poisons. Sulfide catalysts are also very resistant to carbon deposition, which is illustrated by their use for converting residual oils. Arsenic, as well as nickel and vanadium contained in heavy petroleum fractions, are some of the few substances that cause significant deactivation. This activity decrease is due to physical blockage of pore structure in supported catalysts. 

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