Liquid complexation

Nitrosyl chloride [55], nitrosyl fluoride-hydrogen fluoride liquid complexes (NOF3HF, NOF 6HF) [56], nitrous acid-hydrogen fluoride solutions [57, 5 ] nitrogen trioxide (prepared in situ from nitric oxide and oxygen) [59] and rert-butyl nitrite-hydrogen fluoride-pyndine [60] have been substituted for sodium nitrite in the diazotization step... 

Perfluoroalkyl or -aryl halides undergo oxidative addition with metal vapors to form nonsolvated fluonnated organometallic halides and this topic has been die subject of a review [289] Pentafluorophenyl halides react with Rieke nickel, cobalt, and iron to give bispentafluorophenylmetal compounds, which can be isolated in good yields as liquid complexes [290] Rieke nickel can also be used to promote the reaction of pentafluorophenyl halides with acid halides [297] (equation 193)... 

Free-ion attack is more likely for sterically hindered R. ° The ion CH3CO " has been detected (by IR spectroscopy) in the liquid complex between acetyl chloride and aluminum chloride, and in polar solvents such as nitrobenzene but in nonpolar solvents such as chloroform, only the complex and not the free ion is present. In any event, 1 mol of catalyst certainly remains complexed to the product at the end of the reaction. When the reaction is performed with RCO" SbF6, no catalyst is required and the free ion (or ion pair) is undoubtedly the attacking entity. ... 

Acyl cations have been detected in a number of solid complexes, in the liquid complex between MeCOCl and A1C13 (by i.r. spectroscopy), in solution in polar solvents, and in a number of cases where R is very bulky. In less polar solvents, and under a number of other circumstances, acyl cations are not detectable, however, and it must be the polarised complex that acts as the electrophile. 

The liquid complex exploded violently dining transfer operations. 

Chemical hydrogen storage (hydrogen carriers not reversible on-board) High capacities Potentially liquids Complexity (two-way infrastructure, on-board processor) Decreasing regeneration costs... 

The butane isomerization process developed by the Universal Oil Products Co. is shown in Figure 4. In this process (3), the feed is maintained essentially in the liquid phase under pressure. Part of the feed is by-passed through a saturator, where it dissolves aluminum chloride. The feed later picks up hydrogen chloride and passes through the reactor, which is packed with quartz chips. Some insoluble liquid complex is formed, and this adheres to the quartz chips. The aluminum chloride in the feed is preferentially taken up by the complex, which thus maintains an active catalyst bed. The complex slowly drains through the reactor, losing activity en route. It arrives at the bottom in essentially spent condition and is discarded. Aluminum chloride carried overhead in the reactor products is returned to the reactor from the bottom of the recovery tower. The rest of the process is the same as in the vapor-phase processes. 

A second process employing complex as the catalyst carrier was independently developed by the Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) and by The Texas Co. In this process (19,20), liquid butane containing make-up aluminum chloride and recycled hydrogen chloride is bubbled upward through a bed of preformed liquid complex about 20 feet in depth. Because the aluminum chloride in the feed is effectively transferred to the complex, catalyst carry-over in the reactor effluent is low and no recovery tower is needed. 

Pyridinium polyhydrogen fluoride and related polyhydrogen fluorides were developed as a modified liquid complex of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for fluor-ination reactions.39 These complexes are ionic liquids. It was subsequently found40 that such ionic liquids with higher complexed HF content are advantageous reactions media for alkylation and other reactions. 

The dependence of viscosity at 30 °C on composition is studied for the liquid complex fertilizer consisting of diammonium phosphate, potash and water (NH4)2HP04, K2C03, H20. For the investigation, the region of unsaturated solutions for both salts at 30 °C is selected (Fig. 3.28), the side of the concentration triangle being m=0.5. 

In supported liquid membranes, a microporous support impregnated with the liquid complexing agent separates the feed and product solutions. In coupled... 

The liquid complex formed between boron trifluoride and acetic acid, diethyl ether, methanol, and propanol all display hazards and toxic effects associated with their constituents. All are readily hydrolyzed by water, corrosive, and, to some degree, flammable.2... 

Ionic liquids complex metals and therefore offer the possibility to develop novel electroless plating baths for coating polymers (e.g. in electronics) without the need for the toxic and problematic organic complexants used in water. 

Soon afterwards, Chatt and Williams (63) tested this idea by bubbling PF3 over heated platinum(II) chloride and isolated the crystalline complexes [PtCl2(PF3)2] and [PtCl2(PF3)]2. Carbon monoxide was also readily displaced from [Ni(C0)4] by PF3 and later work showed that all possible [Ni(CO)JC(PF3)4 J complexes can be formed. In the same year Wilkinson (361) achieved the first synthesis of the volatile liquid complex [Ni(PF3)4] which exhibited considerably greater thermal stability than [Ni(CO)J. 

MIXTURES OF SIMPLE IONIC LIQUIDS COMPLEX FORMATION... 

Mixtures of Simple Ionic Liquids Complex Formation. ... 

All the examples reported so far appear to contain N-bonded thiocyanate groups and to dissociate readily in solution. Thus, [ScL3](NCS)3 (L = bipy or phen) has been prepared and characterized 223). Treatment with warm EtOH gives [ScL2(NCS)2](NCS) where the formulation is supported by conductivity measurements (in CHgCN or CH3NO2) and infrared mull spectra in aqueous solutions the coordinated NCS is displaced 223, 225, 464). Other mixed liquid complexes of these metals with NCS are listed in Table XX. A 1 1 adduct is formed between 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and several lanthanide thiocyanates. No... 

Immersion in dielectric liquid Direct contact with chip surface Require high reliable liquid, complex hardware and high cost... 

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