Vinyl chloride polymers applications

PolyCvinyl butyrate), 10 492-493 Polyvinylcarbazole (PVK), 22 207t PolyCvinyl carbonates), 25 601 PolyCvinyl chloride) (PVC), 23 407 24 170 25 657-691. See also PVC entries Vinyl chloride polymers antioxidant applications, 3 123 asbestos substitute, 3 315 cadmium stabilizers with, 4 501 coatings, 7 39... 

Vinyl chloride has gained worldwide importance because of its industrial use as the precursor to PVC. It is also used in a wide variety of copolymers. The inherent flame-retardant properties, wide range of plasticized compounds, and low cost of polymers from vinyl chloride have made it a significant industrial chemical. About 95% of current vinyl chloride production worldwide ends up in polymer or copolymer applications. Vinyl chloride also serves as a starling material for Uie synthesis of a variety of industrial compounds. The primary nonpolymeric uses of vinyl chloride are in the manufacture of vinylidene chloride and tri- and tetrachloroethylene. 

VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERS. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), commanding large and broad uses in commerce, is second in volume only to polyethylene, having a volume sales in North America in 1995 of 6.2 x 109 kg(13.7 x 109 lb). Vinyl compounds usually contain dose to 50% chlorine, which not only provides no fuel, but acts to inhibit combustion in the gas phase, thus supplying the vinyl with a high level of combustion resistance, useful in many building as well as electrical housings and electrical insulation applications. 

OTHER COMMENTS used as mild chlorinating agent, as a disinfectant in water treatment, and as an industrial deodorant an active ingredient of household laundry bleach utilized as a chemical intermediate for amino acids, pharmaceuticals, and insecticides use as a stabilizing agent for vinyl chloride polymers applications as a catalyst in polymerization reactions. 

Raw Materials. PVC is inherently a hard and brittle material and very sensitive to heat thus it must be modified with a variety of plasticizers, stabilizers, and other processing aids to form heat-stable flexible or semiflexible products or with lesser amounts of these processing aids for the manufacture of rigid products (see Vinyl Polymers Vinyl Chloride Polymers). Plasticizer levels used to produce the desired softness and flexibility in a finished product vary between 25 parts per himdred (pph) parts of PVC for flooring products to about 80-100 pph for apparel products (248). Numerous Plasticizers (qv) are commercially available for PVC, although dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is by far the most widely used in industrial applications because of its excellent properties and low cost. For example, phosphates provide improved flame resistance, adipate esters enhance low temperature flexibility, polymeric plasticizers such as glycol adipates and azelates improve the migration resistance, and phthalate esters provide compatibility and flexibility (257). 

Omitting the construction and demolition debris from the calculations, the composition (by volume this time) is as follows paper and paperboard 50%, plastics 14%, metals 12%, glass 4%, organics 6%, and miscellaneous 14%. All plastic packaging (post-consumer, industrial, commercial, and institutional) represented about 8% of the overall refuse. It is a reasonable assumption that the composition of plastics discarded in landfills is a reflection of the quantities produced for packaging applications the commodity plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride) should be well represented (see Ethylene POLYMERS PROPYLENE Polymers (PP) Styrene Polymers Vinyl Chloride Polymers). 

Different types of PVC exist on the market. The two principal types are suspension and paste PVC the latter includes the majority of emulsions and dispersion PVC polymers. The plasticizer applications technologies associated with these two forms are distinctly different and are discussed separately. Details of the polymerization techniques giving rise to these two distinct polymer types can be found in many review articles (8) (see Vinyl Chloride Polymers). 

Because plasticized PVC is compounded of a polyvinyl chloride dispersion of high molecular weight vinyl chloride polymers in a suitable liquid plasticizer, formulations can be made for special applications. By selective compounding, both physical and corrosion resistant properties can be modified. For certain applications this feature can be most advantageous. 

The dialkyl succinates are good plasticizers for vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers and for cellulose derivatives. SA is also used in the manufacture of alkyd resin to impart flexibility, elasticity, and water resistance. " In addition, it finds numerous applications in the field of adhesives, elastomers, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and epoxy and other resins. Succinic acid is also used as a food acidulant and has been placed on the GRAS (generally regarded as safe) list by the FDA. ... 

Maleate esters such as dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate and dibutyl maleate are extensively used in the production of latex emulsion polymers, thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics. Dimethyl maleate has found use in applications where improvement in hardness and toughness of polymer films are desired. This includes, in particular, the improvement of anti-blocking properties of copolymers of vinyl acetate with dimethyl maleate. It is also used as an internal modifier to increase the glass transition temperature of styrene or vinyl chloride polymer. The intermediate in esterification of maleic acid with methanol, monomethyl maleate provides plastsizing effect, as well as promotion of improved polymer adhesion due to the carboxylic group. It can be copolymerized with a variety of vinyl and acrylic monomers to provide coatings with improved stiffness and adhesion and reduced tackiness or tendency to block. Monoesters of maleates are used to provide carboxylic acid functionality in emulsions and water-soluble polymers. 

PVC latex is a colloidal dispersion of a vinyl chloride polymer or copolymer in water, usually of 0.25 pm or smaller spherical particles. Currently available products are typically copolymers and terpolymers. The applications for PVC latex include ... 

Polymer Applications. The reaction of sahcylaldehyde with poly(vinyl alcohol) to form an acetal has been used to provide dye receptor sites on poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers (89) and to improve the light stabihty of blend fibers from vinyl chloride resin and poly(vinyl alcohol) (90) (see Fibers, POLY(VINYL alcohol)). ... 

Poly(vinyl chloride) has a good resistance to hydrocarbons but some plasticisers, particularly the less polar ones such as dibutyl sebacate, are extracted by materials such as iso-octane. The polymer is also resistant to most aqueous solutions, including those of alkalis and dilute mineral acids. Below the second order transition temperature, poly(vinyl chloride) compounds are reasonably good electrical insulators over a wide range of frequencies but above the second order transition temperature their value as an insulator is limited to low-frequency applications. The more plasticiser present, the lower the volume resistivity. 

Vinyls Vinyl chloride co-polymer resins were developed in the USA in the late 1930s. They have better weather and slightly more chemical resistance than chlorinated rubber paints. They are generally resistant to crude oil but application is more critical. For example, they are particularly sensitive to moisture present on a surface during painting and this can lead to adhesion failure. They are also more prone to solvent entrapment than chlorinated rubber paints. 

The low concentrations of ozone normally present in the atmosphere are sufficient to cause severe oxidation and cracking in polyolefins (2-13) and many other polymers such as polystyrene (6,11,12,14.15). poly(vinyl chloride) ( y, J 2,J 6) and rubbers (11,12,17-20). Where the ozone concentration is increased by air pollution, higher altitudes or the present of electrical machinery, the rate of degradation considerably increases.The prevention of such degradation represents a matter of considerable economic interest since it can greatly improve service life of polymers and plastics. An additional application of this research is to apprise the suitability of polymers for upper atmosphere application (Space Shutle flights) where a plentitude of ozone and atomic oxygen prevails. 

Radiation chemistry in polymer research, 168-169 Reactive macroalkyl radicals, formation, 409 Reactive modifiers addition of reactive antioxidants on rubbers, 417 adhesion, 420,422 demanding applications, 414,416 improving additive performance during melt processing, 412 polymer bound antioxidant, 418-419/ Reduced poly(vinyl chloride),... 

P.Y.17 may be used for mass coloration and also to print PVC film. For these purposes, P.Y.17 is frequently prepared on a VC/VAc (vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate) mixed polymer basis. Good dispersibility in plastics makes these preparations suitable even for thin films. The dielectrical properties of P.Y.17 allow its application in PVC cable insulations. 

The synthesis section systematically prepared new monomers, polymers, and an ever increasing number of copolymers. At the same time, the characterization and applications sections tested the polymers in order to ascertain which were worthy of larger scale experiments, scale-up, and patent protection. They also performed the work required to satisfy production details. These efforts, directed by Mark s personal hands-on style of management, were the first serious attempts at commercialization of polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), and synthetic rubber. 

Chlorine-containing polymers such as poly(vinyl chloride) PVC undergo an autocatalytic dehydrochlorination reaction under the influence of elevated temperature and UV radiation. Since the HCl originating from the dehydro chlorination of the PVC chains is believed to sustain this autocatalytic process, stabilizers that irreversibly bond HCl can thus inhibit the degradation. Heavy metal compounds such as cadmium stearate or lead stearate are currently used for this purpose. However, alternatives are required due to environmental problems associated with the use of heavy metals. Indeed, the largest current application of LDH materials is in the polymer industry, mainly to stabilize PVC [3,229-232]. 

Another type of mixed-matrix membranes for alcohol/water pervaporation applications was developed utilizing hydrophiUc poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ZSM-5. The ZSM-5/PVA mixed-matrix membranes demonstrated increased selectivity and flux, compared to pure PVA, for the water/isopropyl alcohol separation [97]. This type of mixed-matrix membranes, however, may have membrane swelling issue due to the hydrophilic nature of the PVA polymer. Mixed-matrix membranes comprising modifled poly(vinyl chloride) and NaA zeolite have shown both enhanced flux and selectivity for the ethanol/water separation at high NaA loadings [98]. 

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