Mass coloration

These dyes, already described in section 2.12, require adequate solubility for the coloration of various organic solvents and must be cheap [79]. The simplest and least polar dyes of this class are used for the coloration of petrol and ball-pen inks, with more polar types being used in lacquers, stains and varnishes. Some products of lower solubility are used in mass coloration. 

Organic pigments are used to color a variety of media. It is useful to distinguish between three primary fields of application the coatings and paints industry, the printing inks industry, and the plastics and fibers industry. Besides, organic pigments are used for special purposes, for instance in office materials and in the mass coloration of paper. 

Areas of application include wood coloration [45], paper mass coloration [46] and paper surface coating in the lime press [47], the office articles and artists colors sector pigments are used in colored pencils, crayons, and writing and pastel chalks or in water colors, as well as in cosmetics, especially soap [48],... 

Strong migration tendencies practically exclude monoazo yellow and orange pigments from being used for the mass coloration of plastics they bleed and bloom considerably in most polymer systems. Again, Pigment Yellow 97 is an exception... 

P.Y.17 may be used for mass coloration and also to print PVC film. For these purposes, P.Y.17 is frequently prepared on a VC/VAc (vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate) mixed polymer basis. Good dispersibility in plastics makes these preparations suitable even for thin films. The dielectrical properties of P.Y.17 allow its application in PVC cable insulations. 

Naphthol AS pigments are used to an appreciable extent in special areas, such as in office articles, artists colors, cleaning agents and detergents, including soaps. They are used to color paper, both mass colored paper and surface coated paper. 

P.R.8 is used in a variety of special media outside the paints, printing inks, and plastics field, which is also true for other members of this class of pigments. One such application is in the paper industry, where the pigment is used for mass coloration and surface coating formulations. It also lends itself to application in artists colors and office articles. 

P.R.17 provides medium reddish shades. As a result of poor fastness properties, its commercial significance is somewhat limited and it is sold only in small volume. P.R.17 has the advantage of being fast to acid, alkali, and soap. It is therefore used in offset, gravure, and flexo printing inks wherever tolerance to alkali and soap is a major concern. Moreover, P.R.17 is also employed in connection with mass coloration and surface coloration of paper. 

Due to the disadvantage of comparatively poor migration resistance, P.R.5 is not used in plasticized PVC, but it can be applied in rigid PVC. Its lightfastness is excellent in this medium, transparent and opaque colorations (up to 0.01% pigment + 0.5% TiOz) equal step 7 and, respectively, step 6-7 on the Blue Scale. Dispersed pigment preparations are available for the mass coloration of viscose films as well as for spin dyeing of viscose rayon and viscose cellulose. 

P.R.146 is a suitable candidate for a variety of special applications. The list includes wood stains, in which it is frequently blended with yellow pigments, especially with P.Y.83, and also with black to afford shades of brown. The products are fast to overcoating and stable to nitro and acid catalyzed and polyester varnishes. Intense shades match step 5 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. Other areas of application include office articles and artists colors, cleaning agents, paper mass coloration, laundry markers, etc. In connection with cosmetics, the pigment frequently lends color to soaps. 

P.R.170 is not always heat stable enough to allow application in polyolefins. In HDPE systems formulated at 1/3 SD, the pigment tolerates exposure to 220 to 240°C for one minute. Its tinctorial strength, on the other hand, is excellent. P.R.170 is also occasionally used in polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing in the latter medium, it satisfies the specifications of the clothing and home textiles industries. Besides, P.R.170 lends color to viscose rayon and viscose cellulose it is used for the mass coloration of semisynthetic fibers made of cellulose last but not least, it colors yarns, fibers, and films made of secondary acetate. 

P.R.188 is also employed in paper mass coloration, paper surface coloration, paper pulp, and paper spread-coating formulations, as well as in wallpaper and wax crayons. 

P.R.48 4 does not bloom in plasticized PVC and is almost completely fast to bleeding. Its tinctorial strength in this medium is equally good. Desirable dielectric properties make P.R.48 4 a suitable candidate for use in PVC cable insulations. The pigment is also used for mass colored secondary acetate threads, fibers, and films wherever it meets the requirements for application. 

P.R.60 is also used for emulsion paints and in paper mass coloration. 

Its main area of application is in graphics printing and in the mass coloration of plastics. 

Incorporated in its application medium, P.R.208 affords medium shades of red. The pigment exhibits good fastness to chemicals and solvents. Its main area of application is in the mass coloration of plastics and in packaging gravure printing inks. 

P.R.208 is also used in polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing. It exhibits excellent textile fastness properties and shows good lightfastness. Full shades (3% pigment concentration) equal step 7 on the Blue Scale, while very light (0.1% pigment) red specimens match step 5. The list of applications includes secondary acetate spin dyeing and mass coloration of polyurethane foam and elastomers. P.R.208 is inert to peroxides. 

With its moderate price, P.Gr.8 is used in emulsion paints and also in concrete mass coloration. Like P.Gr.7, it is one of the few organic pigments which are suit-... 

Incorporated in plasticized PVC, P.B.15, like other phthalocyanine pigments, is usually entirely fast to migration. Moreover, it provides excellent lightfastness. P.B.15 also finds use in various types of PUR foam materials as well as in rubber. Its redder and frequently cleaner shade compared to corresponding stabilized types makes it an equally useful pigment for other media. This applies especially for water-based systems. Textile printing, paper mass coloration, paper surface treatment, and paper pulp are areas of application as suitable for the use of P.B.15 as office articles, including colored pencils, blackboard chalks for schools, and water colors. 

There are a number of other media which are also pigmented with P.V.23. The list includes office articles and artists colors, such as drawing inks and fiber-tip pen inks, wax crayons, oil paints, and high quality water colors, water- or solvent-based pigmented wood stains, cleaning agents, and mass colored paper. 

P.B.9 matches the standard cyan for three and four color printing (Sec. 1.8.1.1). The pigment is continually losing significance as it is being displaced by the similarly shaded [3-modification of Copper Phthalocyanine Blue. The latter offers a number of applicational and economical advantages. P.B.9 continues to be used in mass colored paper, textile printing, and in colored pencils. 

Known since 1899, this product was initially patented as a fluorescent dye and was used later as a pigment for the mass coloration of viscose. 

This is a pigment based on a thiazine indigo structure, of which no detailed composition has been disclosed. The orange pigment is recommended to be used for the coloration of paints and plastics, especially for the mass coloration of polyethylene. 

The culture, now bearing the product number C-076 and the Merck culture collection number MA-4680, was submitted for taxonomic studies. Its characteristics, including a brownish-gray spore mass color, smooth spore surface, spiral sporophores born as side branches on the aerial mycelia and the production of melanoid pigments, were unlike those of any previously described species of Streptomyces. The culture was named Streptomyces avermitilis, the Streptomyces "capable of separating from worms". 

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