Applications horticulture

Plant-protection products are used in agriculture, horticulture, and elsewhere in order to prevent major yield and quality losses. They are an integral part of various types of crop maintenance measures. This means that other maintenance activities may make it necessary to re-enter treated areas relatively shortly after application (i.e., within the normal time frame for major plant-protection activities). The type of work to be done and the point of time for re-entering relative to the time of application of a plant-protection product may vary from crop to crop. 

In this chapter we have explained several system-inherent factors of organic fruit growing that can improve fruit quality. However, with the intensification of organic fruit production currently under way worldwide (e.g. more intensive nitrogen application on horticultural crops), there is a risk of quality decrease. Therefore, technical progress in organic farming should be closely and scientifically monitored for (side) effects on food quality, possibly in a holistic view that also includes environmental, social and human health criteria. 

However, climate, season, and cropping system specificity still represent serious limits for a further diffusion of soil solarization practice, as effective results are mostly provided by summer application to specific cropping systems, i.e., greenhouse and field horticulture and fruit orchards, in warm climates. Adversely, solarization is less effective and more expensive in cooler regions and not suitable for rain-fed agronomic crops in large areas. 

Applications of plastics in agriculture and horticulture and technical and environmental requirements for products used in these sectors are examined. Italian standards relating to the use of plastics in these applications are reviewed, and statistics are presented for Italian, West European and world consumption of plastics in agriculture in 1995. 

Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of... 

Clear or drop impact resistant containers, boxes, hot filled bottles, dessert pots, horticultural pots, integrated hinge boxes, bottles and other cans up to several litres, caps and closures for beverage and cosmetic applications, medical disposable trays, containers for irrigation, parenteral, haemodialysis solutions. .. 

Major application sectors are packaging, disposable goods, horticulture and agriculture,... 

The SQUID obviously has several potential advantages for on-line applications. It can operate at very low inhomogeneous magnetic fields, avoiding the need for large expensive shimmed magnets. It also does not require tuning and has very low power requirements. However there are also severe technical limitations to be overcome before it can be used in on-line commercial operations. The whole SQUID needs to be immersed in liquid helium and a conventional RF coil is still needed to excite the NMR resonance. It remains to be seen whether such devices will find future on-line application in horticulture. 

In Vivo Proton NMR Studies in Skeletal Musculature is covered by J. Machann, G. Steidle, C. Thamer, I. Mader and F. Schick this is followed by an account on Quality Assessment of Horticultural Products by NMR from B. P. Hills and C. J. Clark Applications of NMR to Thermostable Proteins is reviewed by E. Alberti, R. Consonni and L. Zetta High Pressure NMR Studies on Lyotropic Lipid Mesophases and Model Biomembrances are reviewed by R. Winter W. S. Veeman discusses Diffusion in a Closed Sphere finally L. Griffiths covers Automatic Analysis of NMR Spectra. It is a pleasure for me to record my gratitude to all of the authors and to the production team for this volume. 

Polysaccharide degrading enzymes have a long history of commercial application in food processing, horticulture, agriculture, and protein research. As with most other industrial enzymes, the economic use of polysaccharidases often depends on obtaining the maximum activity lifetime in the process environment and/or securing a recovery system that permits the sensible reuse of active enzymes from process streams. 

Theunissen, J. 1997. Application of intercropping in organic agriculture. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15(1-4) 251-259. 

Naturally Occurring Compounds. Many derivatives of indole arc found in plants and animals where they are derived from the amino acid [ryplophan. Several oT ihese have important biological function or activity. Serotonin functions as a neuroiransinitler and vasoconstrictor Melatonin production is controlled by the circadian cycle and its physiological level influences daily and seasonal rhythms in humans and other species. Indole-3-acelic acid is a plant growth stimulant used in several horticultural applications. 

Calcium peroxide has several horticultural and agricultural applications, particularly in Japan. Usually used in the form of granules, it acts by providing extra oxygen for germinating plants and other organisms. 

Albiach, R., Canet, R., Pomares, F., and Ingelmo, F. (2001). Organic matter components and aggregate stability after the application of different amendments to a horticultural soil. Bioresource Technol. 76,125-129. 

Finally, certain triazine herbicides can be used selectively in orchards and in some horticultural crops. In this case, selectivity is not based only on physiological differences between species, but on physical selectivity associated with the location of the herbicide and the roots of the crop and weed species in the soil. Triazine herbicides such as simazine, which has very low solubility in water, remain close to the soil surface in most mineral soils. Careful application of simazine in horticultural or fruit crops can result in the herbicide being available to control shallow-rooted weed species without harming the deeper-rooted perennial species. The success of this use is dependent not only on the relative rooting depths of the tolerant and susceptible species, but also on soil conditions and other factors that may affect herbicide fate and movement. 

Case-control studies have been designed to determine if 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure results in increased risks for site-specific cancers. Case-control studies have found significant increases in the risk of soft-tissue sarcomas in Swedish agricultural, forestry, and horticultural workers (Eriksson et al. 1981, 1990 Hardell and Eriksson 1988 Hardell and Sandstrom 1979), workers involved in manufacturing and application of phenoxy herbicides (Kogevinas et al. 1995), and New Zealand farmers (Smith et al. 1984a). In the Eriksson et al. (1990) study, the risk ratio of soft-tissue sarcoma was 1.80 (95% 0=1.02-3.18) in subjects exposed to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and/or chlorophenols. In subjects exposed to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides only or chlorophenols only, the risk ratios were 1.34 (95% 0=0.7-2.56) and 5.25 (95%... 

Bonner, Effects of application of thiamin to cosmos, Botanical Gazette 104 (1943) 475-479. Amaze your friends advertisement, Horticulture 18 (1940) 59. 

---