Quality losses

Distribution costs depend on plant location, physical state of the material (whether liquid, gas, or sohd), nature of the material (whether corrosive, explosive, flammable, perishable, or toxic), freight rates, and labor costs. Distribution costs may be affected by any of the following new methods of materials handling, safety regulations, productivity agreements, wage rates, transportation systems, storage systems, quality, losses, and seasonal effects. 

Is there a system m place to determine the cost of quality loss ... 

Look for any evidence that the toller puts in an effort to try to determine the value of quality loss. 

The effeet of failure eost or quality loss on the profitability of a produet development projeet is shown in Figure 1.1. High levels of failure eost would produee a loss on sales and would probably mean that the projeet fails to reeover its initial level of investment. 

Figure 1.1 Effect of quality loss on the profitability of a product development project...

The Conformability Map enables appropriate Cp values to be seleeted and through the link with the eomponent variability risks, and q, it is possible to determine if a produet design has eharaeteristies that are unaeeeptable, and if so what the eost eonsequenees are likely to be. The two modes of applieation are highlighted on Figure 2.23. Mode A shows that the quality loss assoeiated with a eharaeteristie at Cpk = 1 and FMEA Severity (S) = 6 eould potentially be 8% of the total produet... 

If, besides the quality-related measure, z, one also wishes to include operating costs, in the analysis, because quality loss functions express quality costs on a monetary basis, commensurate with operating costs, the final global performance metric, y, which reflects total manufacturing cost, is simply the sum of both quality and operating costs (Clausing, 1993),... 

Except for the combination of quality loss and operating costs given by Eq. (23), in the previous sections we assumed the system performance to be determined by a single objective. However, in the analysis of pieces of equipment or plant segments of nontrivial size/ complexity, a multitude of objectives has usually to be taken into account in order to evaluate the system s global performance, and find ways to improve it. 

Both operating costs and quality losses were combined together, leading to the following overall performance measure, yg, for the supremal decision unit ... 

Plant-protection products are used in agriculture, horticulture, and elsewhere in order to prevent major yield and quality losses. They are an integral part of various types of crop maintenance measures. This means that other maintenance activities may make it necessary to re-enter treated areas relatively shortly after application (i.e., within the normal time frame for major plant-protection activities). The type of work to be done and the point of time for re-entering relative to the time of application of a plant-protection product may vary from crop to crop. 

Weed competition for water and nutrients can have similar effects on fruit quality as described above for fertilisation. For example, if weed competition is completely prevented by chemosynthetic herbicides in conventional production, this can lead to excess supply of certain mineral nutrients, in particular nitrogen and potassium, which in turn results in reduced sensory quality and shelf-life (Section 16.2.2). On the other hand, excessive weed competition, in particular, during the pre-bloom phase and the end of the first shoot growth period (Gut and Weibel, 2005), can induce nutrient and/or water deficiency and a risk of quality loss. 

Quality Loss of Fruits and Vegetables Induced by Microbial Growth... 

Microbial spoilage appears to be one of the major causes of quality loss of fresh fruits and vegetables by formation of off-flavors, fermented aromas, and tissue decay. The shelf-life of many food products may be accurately predicted by quantifying the population of microbes present on the food product (Zhuang and others 2003). The... 

Air—As mentioned later in Section 2.2.4.2, many substances are capable of forming peroxides in contact with the oxygen in air. Inadvertent oxidation reactions cause quality loss, potential self-heating, and possibly ignition with a resultant fire or explosion. Also, oxygen can play a key role in the depletion of inhibitors in vinyl monomers resulting in uncontrolled polymerizations. 

Christensen, C. M. Kaufmann, H. H. "Grain Storage the Role of Fungi in Quality Loss" Univ. Minnesota Press Minneapolis, 1969 p. 153. 

Quality losses are caused by the failure to utilize most effectively the potential of human, financial and material resources in a process. This could be due to loss of customer satisfaction,... 

The quality improvement project or action starts with the identification of an improvement opportunity which is based on measures of quality losses and/or on comparisons against organizations recognized as leaders in a particular field. The opportunity for improvement is defined and the process involved is evaluated by analyzing data and facts. The objectives for improvement are introduced. 

The basis of measurements of quality losses associated with process efficiency. 

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