Nitrogen applications

What has Happened to Nitrogen Applications that Exceeded the Uptake by the Cropl... 

The excesses of nitrogen application over crop uptake in the individual years from 1977 to 1986 were read from Figure 4 of Sylvester-Bradley et and subjected to the rules. Neither the leaching nor the denitrification losses seemed particularly large (Table 4), given that these were aggregate values for ten years, and the amount of nitrogen that was remineralized and then leached seemed very unlikely to be important. 

Mitchell L.G., Grant C.A., Racz G.J. Effect of nitrogen application on concentration of cadmium and nutrient ions in soil solution and in durum wheat. Can J Soil Sci 2000 80 107-115. 

In this chapter we have explained several system-inherent factors of organic fruit growing that can improve fruit quality. However, with the intensification of organic fruit production currently under way worldwide (e.g. more intensive nitrogen application on horticultural crops), there is a risk of quality decrease. Therefore, technical progress in organic farming should be closely and scientifically monitored for (side) effects on food quality, possibly in a holistic view that also includes environmental, social and human health criteria. 

Hiilsbergen K-J, Feil B, Diepenbrock W (2002) Rates of nitrogen application required to achieve maximum energy efficiency for various crops results of a long-term experiment. Field Crops Res 77 61-76... 

Millard, P. (1986). The nitrogen content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers in relation to nitrogen application -the effect on amino acid composition and yields. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 37,107-114. 

Chen, C., Westcott, M., Neill, K., Wichman, D. and Knox, M. 2004. Row configuration and nitrogen application for barley-pea intercropping in Montana. Agronomy Journal 96 1730-1738. 

Umbrepts. Dark surface horizons medium to low base supply. Soils which contain little organic matter or nitrogen, They are usually dry for more than 6 months/year, In numerous areas, salts accumulate on or near the soil surface. Since the nutrient content, except nitrogen, of aridisols is often high, these soils can be productive with irrigation and nitrogen application. Salt accumulation can be a problem with some crops. 

Ammonia can enter the soil by direct application of fertilizers. Of the total U.S. production of anhydrous ammonia, 30% is applied directly to the soil under pressure (Kramer 2000). Approximately 80% of the U.S. production of ammonia is applied to soil in fertilizer formulations designed to release ammoniacal nitrogen. Application of natural fertilizers obtained from livestock excreta will also result in the release of ammonia to the soil (Asman et al. 1998 Beauchamp et al. 1982 Hoff et al. 1981 Olivier et al. 1998). High levels of ammonia in soils can result from the decomposition of animal wastes on cattle feedlots or other confinement areas. Ammonia in soil can also arise from the decay of organic material from plants and animals, etc. (Dawson 1977 Dawson and Farmer 1984). Microbial fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere is a natural and continual source of ammonia in soil (Galbally 1985 National Science Foundation 1999). 

Coffin RB, Cifuentes LA, Elderidge PM (1994) The use of stable carbon isotopes to study microbial processes in estuaries. In K Lajtha, RH Michener (eds) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science, p 222-240. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK Coffin RB, Cifuentes LA, Pritchard PH (1997) Assimilation of oil-derived carbon and remedial nitrogen applications by intertidal food chains on a contaminated beach in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Mar Environ Res 44 27-39... 

Reddy, K. R. and K. M. Portier. 1987. Nitrogen utilization by Typha latifolia L. as affected by temperature and rate of nitrogen application. Aquat. Bot. 27 127-138. 

Nitrogen is the nutrient most widely deficient,, and its initial application often results in very large yield increases. However, nitrogen application does not contribute to a buildup of soil fertility. On the contrary, the unbalanced use of nitrogen relative to other nutrients is currently causing soil nutrient depletion. It has been shown that application of 174 kg/ha of N increased the rice yield by a factor of 2.9 but increased removal of P, K, and S by factors of 2.6, 3.7, and 4.6, respectively [31- The results are given in Table 19.1. 

Table 19 1. Depletion of Nutrients at Single Nitrogen Application...

Traditional treatments of common warts can be applied to butchers warts it is our experience that injections of a bleomycine solution using a Dermo-Jet offer better results than liquid-nitrogen applications (Lachapelle et al. 1992). There is no proof that wearing gloves is an efficacious preventive method. Recurrence of older lesions and outcome of new lesions is not rare and may represent a real hindrance in terms of quality of life. 

Singh, M., Sharma, S., Ramesh, S. 2002. Herbage, oil yield and oil quality of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] influenced by irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen application in semi-arid tropical climate. Industrial Crops and Products 16 101-107. 

Suga S, Watanabe M, Yoshida J (2002) Electroauxiliary-assisted sequential introduction of two carbon nucleophiles on the same a-carbon of nitrogen application to the synthesis of spiro compounds. J Am Chem Soc 124 14824—14825... 

Changes in agronomic practices and the inroduction of new cultivars in recent years have been shown to affect tree nut composition. For example, it has been demonstrated that irrigation retarded oleic acid synthesis in filberts (hazel nuts) and reduced its proportion at all stages of ripening. Heaton et al. (1966) showed that nitrogen application to pecan trees caused oleic acid to decrease and linoleic acid to increase in nut kernels. Heaton et al. (1975) reported that variations in fatty acid composition of pecan nuts were associated with cultivar and year of production. These variations in fatty acid composition may influence the nutritional value and storage stability of tree nuts. Listed in Table 6.5 are the total oil content and fatty acid composition of 13 types of tree nut kernels. 

Fig. 13.10 Simplified diagram of an ear forming from the tiller apex of winter wheat (not to scale). (Visible under a microscope or possibly with a good pocket lens.) The apical meristem changes from leaf production to ear formation following cold treatment (vemahsation) and increasing day length (photoperiod). Normally these stages occur in February, March and April and their exact occurrence can be used for efficient timing of pesticides and nitrogen application.

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