Apple juice consumption

Rahle R, Huemmer W, Rempf M, Scheppach W, Erk T, Richling E. 2007. Polyphenols are intensively metabolized in the human gastrointestinal tract after apple juice consumption. J Agric Food Chem 55 10605-10614. 

In general, there is some evidence to support a 5—8% reduction (approximately 0.5 mmol/L) in total cholesterol after the intake of three apples per day. Moreover, apple juice consumption is associated with no effects or increased levels of TAG. Clear apple juice lacks water-soluble pectin and has a low polyphenol content due to a clarification process. The production of cloudy apple juice does not include clarification and, thus, may maintain an important polyphenol and pectin content.Apple pomace, a by-product of juice production, consists of approximately 25% of fresh apple weight, and is a high source of fiber and polyphenols and therefore a valuable material for functional food products. Apart from the pol3q>henol and fiber content, food matrix may also play an important role whole apples contain intact cell wall components, which could contribute to the effects on lipid and glucose metabolism as will be described below. 

Hyson D, Studebaker-Hallman D, Davis PA, Gershwin ME. Apple juice consumption reduces plasma low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy men and women. / Med Food. 2000 3(4) 159—166. 

Barth SW, Koch TCL, Watzl B, Dietrich H, Will F, Bub A. Moderate effects of apple juice consumption on obesity-related markers in obese men impact of diet—gene interaction on body fat content. Eur ] Nutr. 2012 51(7) 841—850. 

Godycki-Cwirko M, Krol M, Krol B, et al. Uric acid but not apple polyphenols is responsible for the rise of plasma antioxidant activity after apple juice consumption in healthy subjects. / Am Coll Nutr. 2010 29(4) 397-406. 

Chewable/Dispersible buffered tablets To provide adequate buffering, thoroughly chew at least 2 of the appropriate strength tablets, but no more than 4 tablets, or disperse in at least 1 ounce of water prior to consumption. To disperse tablets, add 2 tablets to at least 1 ounce of water. Stir until a uniform dispersion forms, and drink entire dispersion immediately. If additional flavoring is desired, the dispersion may be diluted with 1 ounce of clear apple juice. Stir the further diluted dispersion just prior to consumption. The dispersion with clear apple juice is stable at room temperature for up to 1 hour. 

Urinary excretion of quercetin increased significantly with dose and time after the consumption of fruit juice (blackcurrant and apple juice in a 1 1 mixture) in humans [75]. Ranges from 0.29-0.47% of ingested quercetin were found in the urine. The presence of quercetin in urine shows that it was absorbed by the gut, but the urinary content does not necessarily reflect absolute absorptive efficiency because absorbed quercetin may be metabolized (conjugated), stored and excreted through other routes such as the biliary tract. However, since quercetin is present in a variety of fruit and vegetables, plasma concentrations or urinary excretion of quercetin may potentially be useful as biomarkers of habitual intake of these foods. 

A variety of antioxidant phytochemicals in apples include catechin, procyanidins, hydroxyciimamates, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihy-drochalcones. The consumption of apple contributes to the reduced risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer (Boyer and Liu, 2004). In a recent study, the phenolic phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of 67 varieties of apple cultivars were examined by Wojdylo et al. (2008). The total content of these phytochemicals varied from 0.5 to 2.7% of dry weight. In apple juice, the total phenolic content ranged from 0.02 to 0.1% of juice. Catechin and procyanidins are the major classes of apple phenolics, representing more than 80% of the total content. A small amount of anthocyanin was also found in red apples. The results of this study demonstrated that new varieties of apple, such as Ozark Gold, Julyred, and Jester, had the same... 

Fexofenadine and digoxin are both well-known substrates for OATP transport, though the relative contribution of OATP modulation on drug interactions involving these two agents is unclear, since both are also P-gp substrates. The 60-80% reduction in fexofenadine bioavailability that results from orange, apple, and grapefruit juice consumption, however, is likely the result of OATP inhibition, rather than of P-gp induction (94). 

Ultrafiltration and microfiltrafion are employed successfully on an industrial scale for the clarification of juices (e.g. apple juice, pear juice, etc.). Ultrafiltration saves filter aids and fining aids which have to be used when operating conventionally with rotating vacuum filters or plate filters and precoat filters. On the other hand, the power consumption of an ultrafiltration system is high and so is the replacement cost of membranes. 

Benzoic acid is the oldest and most commonly used preservative (Barbosa-Canovas et al., 2003). In 1970 it was reported that sorbic acid had been proposed for extensive use as a preservative, but its safety-in-use had to be established before being added to the existing list of permitted food additives (Shtenberg and Ignat ev, 1970). A study done in 1956 reported on the use of sorbic acid as a preservative in fresh apple juice (Ferguson and Powrie, 1957). Worldwide, approximately 40% of food grown for human consumption is lost to pests and microorganisms (Saint Xavier University, 2000). The preservation process itself was of little public interest until a decade ago. Today it is one of the key issues addressed by every food processor (Marz, 2000). 

It is proposed that polyphenols and fiber are the main contributors to the observed effects, either individually or in a synergistic interaction. However, bioavailability and metabolism of the numerous apple polyphenols is not completely understood. Moreover, limited data are available for the characterization of apple fiber, in particular pectin, in the different apple varieties and the impact of the physicochemical properties and structure on the degree of effect. Suitably powered randomly controlled, human dietary intervention studies with long intervention periods are required to clarify the protective effects of apples and juice consumption. Further in vivo animal models are also necessary to explore the potential multiple mechanisms of actions. 

Kudra and Ratti (2006) performed an energy and cost analysis of convective drying (belt conveyor and drum dryer) of mats of foamed and non-foamed apple juice. The energy consumption for drying foamed apple juice was estimated to be... 

Fig. 2. International fmit juice and drink consumption (12) I orange, apple, U grape-fmit, VA grape, and multivitamin or blends. Values ate in...

The consumption of a mixture of phenolic compounds presented in apple or purple grape juice inhibited mammary carcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene (DMBA) treated rats (Liu and others 2005 Jung and others 2006). However, the individual antioxidants of these foods studied in clinical trials, including (3-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, do not appear to have consistent preventive effects comparable to the observed health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, suggesting that natural phytochemicals in fresh fruits and vegetables could be more effective than a dietary supplement. 

Assume further that the only use of pesticide Q is to treat certain insect pests on apples that are to be consumed as fresh fruit (no juice). Our expert on human food consumption patterns and rates tells us that high-end consumers of apples, those consuming at the 95th percentile of the distribution of consumption rates, eat approximately 0.3 kilograms (300 grams) each day (about two-thirds of a pound). If these consumers are not to ingest pesticide Q intakes in excess of... 

Drinking of 3 doses of apple and blackcurrent juice (750, 1000, and 1500 ml) for 1 week did not affect blood plasma TAC (Y4). Consumption of extra virgin olive oil (69 g per day) either rich or poor in phenols for 3 weeks did not affect significantly blood plasma TAC (VI8). 

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