Issues to Be Addressed

Microprocessor technology permitted these technical issues to be addressed in a cost-effec tive manner. In the mid-1970s, a process control architecture referred to as a distributed control system (DCS) was introduced and almost instantly became a commercial success. A DCS consists of some number of microprocessor-based nodes that are interconnec ted by a digital communications network, often called a data highway. The key features of this architecture are as follows ... 

Selecting the core material is the first issue to be addressed. All core materials are alloys based on ferrite. The major factor in a material s worthiness is its loss at the frequency of operation and the flux density of the application. A good place to start is with the materials the core manufacturer s themselves recommend for PWM switching power supplies and those that are commonly used by the designers in the field (see Table D-f). 

F.ach of the three categories has many different types of systems. Some common types are described here and for most of the systems the detailed description includes the name and the principle. When and where to apply the different systems and the different forms that may exist are also included.. Nearly all systems have some specific issue to be addressed when designing that type of system. Equations and/or parameters are included where available. For some systems, many different equations are available, from which the most accurate or usable have been selected for inclusion. For systems where only one equation exists, it has been described and the limitations identified. If no equations are available, other design parameters and considerations are described. 

Although the term process trend emulates a certain intuitive understanding in the minds of the speaker and the listener, this understanding may not be the same. Certainly, we do not have a clear, sound, and unambiguous definition of the term trend, and this must be the first issue to be addressed. 

Still, the control of stereoselectivity remains the main issue to be addressed in ECM-development. Furthermore, no asymmetric ECM using Ru-catalysts has been published until now. 

Biopharmaceutical issues to be addressed will include a discussion of the pharmaceutical development process as it relates to in vivo and in vitro performance and the general approach taken concerning bioavailability, bioequivalence, and in vitro dissolution profiles. There should be a comparative analysis of relevant studies—objectives, study design, conduct, outcome, and data analyses. The effects of formulation changes (including different strengths of product and... 

There were a number of practical and theoretical issues to be addressed. A key scientific question was whether fixation in formalin modified antigens in a reversible or irreversible manner. To be more specific, was there any theoretical or prior scientific evidence that the effects of formalin fixation on proteins could be reversed, and if reversed, was the structure of protein restored to a sufficient degree for recovery of antigenicity With these key questions in mind, one of the authors (Shi) spent many days and nights in 1988 searching the chemical literature under somewhat adverse conditions, with a second job as an apprentice in a supermarket, and prior to the increased efficiency of such searches that is afforded today by the Internet and online databases. The answer was finally found in a series of studies of the chemical... 

The overview report will identify recent advances and current challenges in fundamental understanding of the basic science, and it will explore the impact beyond the chemical sciences that these advances have had in the past. It will also explore the possibilities for such impact in the future, recognizing that such developments are frequently serendipitous. Issues to be addressed include ... 

The development goals for water electrolyzers are oriented toward increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost. Most of the issues to be addressed are not specific to intermittent power operation. The efficiency of water electrolysis increases with the increasing... 

The fundamental issues to be addressed in the process modeling include spray enthalpy, gas consumption, spray mass distribution, microstructure of solidified droplets, and droplet-substrate interactions. The effects of atomization gas chemistry, alloy composition and operation conditions on the resultant droplet properties are also to be investigated in the process modeling. 

It is briefly reported that the European Commission will issue a White Paper on PVC within the next couple of months. The Paper will probably be a mix of both legislation and voluntary commitments. A Green Paper on PVC was adopted by the EC in July 2000. This raised six issues to be addressed substitution, production process, cadmium stabilisers, lead stabilisers, phthalates and waste management. 

The issues to be addressed by a safety management system as listed in Annex III of the Seveso II Directive [96/082/EEC]. 

Many research groups have studied the potential applicability of CEC for the separation of different types of pharmaceutical compounds. However, an important issue to be addressed before CEC will be accepted as a method for routine analysis is the repeatability of the experiment to provide quantitative results. 

An important issue to be addressed in industrial applications of two-phase polymer systems for enzyme recovery is the economic or product quality requirement that the phase-forming polymers and salts be recycled. 

In terms of practicality the optical interface to the sample is certainly the most demanding aspect of all. It requires a number of issues to be addressed and clearly understood for each specific application to be attempted. These include ... 

Step 4 Project initiation and approval Define a project to develop and implement the proposed new method or analyzer and get it approved by the sponsor. The documentation required by the sponsor is usually company-specific, but will typically include goal, business value, critical technical issues to be addressed, ramifications, proposed approach, resources needed (including personnel time), deliverables, and timing. 

The next issue to be addressed experimentally is the number and role(s) of the Ca + binding site(s) in the P. aeruginosa CCP in solution. The use of Ca + in equilibrium binding assays should determine the stoichiometry of calcium binding. However, further experiments that relate the number of bound Ca + ion(s) in P. aeruginosa CCP to the... 

A stereospecific chemical reaction is one in which starting substrates or reactants, differing only in their configuration, are converted into stereoisomeric products. Note, with this definition a stereospecific reaction has to be stereoselective whereas the inverse statement (that is, with respect to a stereoselective reaction or process) is not necessarily true. 2. Referring to reactions that act on only one stereoisomer (or, have a preference for one stereoisomer). Thus, many enzyme-catalyzed reactions are stereospecific, and characterization of that stereospecificity is always an issue to be addressed for a particular enzyme. 

It is important that applicants pay close attention to the questions and suggestions from the assessors. By ensuring that the questions are addressed and the advice followed, it can be possible to preempt questions and concerns with the dossier. In the author s experience, nonclinical scientists are not always included in these meetings, and it is important for the company representatives who do attend to ensure that any relevant information is passed on to the correct scientists. It has also, unfortunately, been the author s experience that most applicants have failed to comply with requests made for specific issues to be addressed in the dossier and the same questions have had to be posed in the assessment report. 

Because the demand for natural gas is growing in the United States, there are proposals to build many terminals for LNG tankers. However, because natural gas is highly flammable and explosive, and because the tankers are so large (as long as three football fields), there are many environmental and security issues to be addressed before these terminals are constructed. 

Results obtained for CO2 treatment seem to be particularly attractive for the development of industrial applications so far, mainly experiments on microbial suspensions have been carried out, and they are really successful. However, some questions remain as to the behaviour of micro-organisms in complex substrates, as it is well known that they are more resistant than in buffered solutions [32], Another issue to be addressed in this case is the simultaneous effect of CO2 as an extracting agent, as it could interfere with the quality of the final product. 

Currently, it is fair to say that asymmetric synthesis using chiral quaternary ammonium fluorides remains an underdeveloped field, and the various useful stereoselective carbon-carbon bond-forming processes described in this chapter are only the start of an exploration of the vast synthetic potential of this process, particularly when combined with current knowledge of organosilicon chemistry. It seems that the key issue to be addressed is the rational molecular design of chiral quaternary ammonium cations with appropriate steric and electronic properties. These are expected to be readily tunable to impart not only a sufficient reactivity but also an ideal chiral environment to the requisite nucleophile involved in a desired chemical transformation. Clearly, the continuous accumulation of information related to the structure of fluoride salts and their reactivity and selectivity should create a solid basis for this field, offering - in time - a unique yet reliable tool for sophisticated bond construction events with rigorous stereocontrol, under mild conditions. 

Section 3.3 described a number of alternative design and implementation strategies for NIR analysers, suitable for operation in a process analytical environment. However, none of these analysers can operate without a robust, maintainable and repeatable sampling interface with the process sample under consideration. In terms of practical issues this is certainly the most demanding aspect of all. It requires a number of issues to be addressed and clearly understood for each specific application to be attempted. These include ... 

A major experimental issue to be addressed is the rate and means by which particles are hydrolyzed and solubilized to provide substrates for heterotrophic bacteria, and the role of free enzymes in this process. Burns (1982) reviewed the possible locations and origin of enzyme activities in soils, and particularly underscored the potential importance of enzyme-humic complexes in microbial catalysis of substrates. As Burns (1982) discussed, enzymes associated with soil particles or humic substances are not subject to the same biochemical and physical restraints as are enzymes newly produced by microbial cells. Soil-held (or sediment-held) enzymes may therefore play a catalytic trigger role in substrate degradation, providing critical signals about substrate availability to the local microbial community. The conceptual model presented by Vetter et al. (1998) suggested that release of free enzymes into the environment may in fact represent... 

The next step under the act is DOE s initial nomination of five locations for site characterization, based on a consideration of the guidelines and the environmental assessments to be prepared for each of the five nominated sites, followed by a recommendation of three candidate sites to the President for his approval. The DOE had intended to complete these actions in the summer of 1983 in order to permit the conduct of a sufficiently thorough site characterization program at each site to support the presidential recommendation of a site for the first repository by March 31,1987, as required by the act. The act requires that for each site under consideration, DOE conduct public hearings to solicit recommendations on issues to be addressed in the environmental assessment and in any site characterization plan to be used if the site is approved by the President. The specific date and location for these hearings will be established after consultation with state representatives. 

Some chemists feel that the mole is an unnecessary SI unit as they make measurements in mass/mass or mass/ volume units, using ratio methods. The definition and the importance of the mole has been discussed elsewhere [8], and the distinction has been made between its importance as a concept, the importance of the related atomic mass values, and the lesser role of the mole as a unit for actually reporting results. A distinctive feature of the mole is the need to define the entity . This is an extra dimension compared with other SI units. For example, it is not necessary to ask, is this a mass when measuring the mass of an object, in the way that it is critical to ask, is this lead before attempting to measure the amount of lead. A mole measurement thus requires two issues to be addressed, namely identity and amount. It follows therefore that traceability claims must show unbroken chains covering both of these issues. It is because of the existence of a vast number of chemical species that it is necessary to clearly specify and separate the specified chemical entities from all other possible chemical entities prior to measurement. This leads to complex chemical measurement processes, with considerable attention to validation of the measurement method being required. 

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