25 apple cultivars

Anthocyanins from apples, cranberries, black chokeberries, - blackberries of an unknown cultivar, - highbush blueberries, - - Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, cv. Balaton black cherries, and black lentils" contained arabi-nose. This pentose was not found in any of the vegetables presented in Table 4.3.3. Even less widespread is xylose, found in Red Delicious apple cultivars, black chokeberries, different cultivars of blackberries, evergreen blackberries, red currants, Vaccinium padifolium blueberries, different cultivars of red rasp-berry, - - and black carrots. " ... 

Important intrinsic quality criteria currently determining the market potential of new apple cultivars are related to the sensory quality such as fruit firmness (crispness) and the sugar and acidity contents. On the other hand, the nutritional composition (e.g. the vitamin or antioxidant contents) is currently not used as a criterion in the choice of cultivars, neither in conventional nor in organic fruit production. The difference in the content of such components between fruit species is in most cases more relevant than between cultivars of the same species (e.g. vitamin C content of oranges versus apples). 

Tsao R, Yang R, Young JC and Zhu H. 2003. Polyphenolic profiles in eight apple cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Agric Food Chem 51 6347-6353. 

Kondo S, Tsuda K, Muto N and Ueda J. 2002. Antioxidative activity of apple skin or fresh extracts associated with fruit development on selected apple cultivars. Sci Hort 96(1-4) 177—185. 

Leja M, Mareczek A and Ben J. 2003. Antioxidant properties of two apple cultivars during long-term storage. Food Chem 80(3) 303-307. 

Luo Y and Barbosa-Canovas GV. 1997. Enzymatic browning and its inhibition in new apple cultivar slices using 4-hexylresorcinol in combination with ascorbic acid. Food Sci Technol Int 3 195-201. 

The yeasts also have been evaluated for antifungal activity. Spadaro and others (2008) reported that Hanseniaspora uvarum, Rhodotorula spp., and Metschnikowia pulcherrima reduced the development of P. expansum on apples. In this work the biocontrol effectiveness was assessed on four apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Stark Delicious, Granny Smith, and Royal Gala. The efficacy was higher on the cv. Golden Delicious. 

There are myriad crab apple cultivars, all with beautiful blossoms in spring and oonspiouous fruits in a variety of shades. 

Endless choice The range of fruits and cultivars is amazing apple cultivars, for example, run into the thousands. 

McIntosh, Gala, Granny Smith—the names of many apple cultivars are familiar to us all. But there is much more to choosing apple trees than liking the name. 

Control of vigor to maintain a balance between older fruiting wood and new, vigorous growth. This can be achieved on most apple cultivars by a system of pruning called spur-prunlng. Ask your supplier whether your chosen cultivar is a spur-bearer, or one of the rarer... 

Table 1. characteristics of three apple cultivars harvested at three... 

Other cyclic tetrapeptides have also been isolated by Japanese workers and AM toxins I, II, and III, isolated from Alternaria mail., are extremely toxic to certain plant species (9.10). These are constructed of L- i-hydroxyisovaleric acid, L-alanine, c-amino-acrylic acid and, in AM toxin I, L-6(-amino- -( .-methoxyphenyl)-valeric acid. The phenyl residue in AM toxin II is L-t(-amino-S-phenylvaleric acid, while in AM toxin III, it is L-ol-amino-( .-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid (Figure 2), All the AM toxins produce leaf spot, or necrosis, in apple but as might he expected slight change in substitution (R-group) on the phenyl ring radically alters the specific activity of the molecule. Both AM toxin I and III induce interveinal necrosis in the "Indo" apple cultivar, which is also highly susceptible to A. mail. at concentrations as low as 0.1 pph within 18 h after treatment. In contrast, the resistant apple cultivar "Jonathan" is only affected by 1 ppm of AM toxin I and 10 ppm of AM toxin III. 

Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-methylbutyl acetate and hexyl acetate contribute most to the characteristic aroma of Fuji apples [49]. In Red Delicious apples, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, propyl 2-methylbutanoate and hexyl acetate contribute to the characteristic aroma as determined by Charm-Analysis and/or AEDA [50, 51]. In a comparative study of 40 apple cultivars, the highest odour potency or Charm value was found for -damascenone [52]. This compound usually occurs in a glycosidically bound form and is present primarily in processed products owing to hydrolysis of the glycoside bond after crushing fruit cells [53]. -Damascenone has a very low odour threshold with a sweet, fruity, perfumery odour and is not typical of apple aroma in gen-... 

Rebouillat, S. and Peleg, M. 1988. Selected physical and mechanical properties of commercial apple cultivars. J. Texture Studies. 19 217-230. 

Apple cultivars have different textures due to their internal variability of structure and composition. Some apples resist boiling and do not readily sauce. Others may undergo ready cell separation. This wide range of textural behavior illustrates the complexity due to pectins and other cell-wall materials. Select apple cultivars according to the desired processing qualities. 

Table H2.3.4 shows an example of cohesiveness data from apple cultivars as assayed in Alternate Protocol 1. The cohesiveness discriminates between Golden Delicious and Stark Delicious. The apples of extra quality showed the lowest values of cohesiveness. These results suggest that TPA parameters can differentiate between apple cultivars (Paoletti et al., 1993).

Table H2.3.4 Cohesiveness Values from TPA Measurements of Different Apple Cultivars"...

Paoletti, F., Moneta, E., Bertone, A., and Sinesio, F. 1993. Mechanical properties and sensory evaluation of selected apple cultivars. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. 26 264-270. 

For phenolics in fruit by-products such as apple seed, peel, cortex, and pomace, an HPLC method was also utilized. Apple waste is considered a potential source of specialty chemicals (58,62), and its quantitative polyphenol profile may be useful in apple cultivars for classification and identification. Chlorogenic acid and coumaroylquinic acids and phloridzin are known to be major phenolics in apple juice (53). However, in contrast to apple polyphenolics, HPLC with a 70% aqueous acetone extract of apple seeds showed that phloridzin alone accounts for ca. 75% of the total apple seed polyphenolics (62). Besides phloridzin, 13 other phenolics were identified by gradient HPLC/PDA on LiChrospher 100 RP-18 from apple seed (62). The HPLC technique was also able to provide polyphenol profiles in the peel and cortex of the apple to be used to characterize apple cultivars by multivariate statistical techniques (63). Phenolic compounds in the epidermis zone, parenchyma zone, core zone, and seeds of French cider apple varieties are also determined by HPLC (56). Three successive solvent extractions (hexane, methanol, aqueous acetone), binary HPLC gradient using (a) aqueous acetic acid, 2.5%, v/v, and (b) acetonitrile fol-... 

MJ Amiot, M Tacchini, S Aubert, J Nicolas. Phenolic composition and browning susceptibility of various apple cultivars at maturity. J Food Sci 57 958-959, 1992. 

Altemaria altemata apple pathotype (previously described as A. mali Roberts) causes Altemaria blotch of susceptible apple cultivars through production of a cyclic peptide host-selective toxin, AM-toxin, whose complete structure has been determined for the first time among host-specific toxins.298 Disruption of AM-toxin synthetase (AMT) gene resulted in toxin-minus mutants, which were also unable to cause disease symptoms in susceptible apple cultivars, indicating that AMT is a primary determinant of virulence and specificity in the A. altemata apple pathotype309 (Figure 33). 

A variety of antioxidant phytochemicals in apples include catechin, procyanidins, hydroxyciimamates, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihy-drochalcones. The consumption of apple contributes to the reduced risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer (Boyer and Liu, 2004). In a recent study, the phenolic phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of 67 varieties of apple cultivars were examined by Wojdylo et al. (2008). The total content of these phytochemicals varied from 0.5 to 2.7% of dry weight. In apple juice, the total phenolic content ranged from 0.02 to 0.1% of juice. Catechin and procyanidins are the major classes of apple phenolics, representing more than 80% of the total content. A small amount of anthocyanin was also found in red apples. The results of this study demonstrated that new varieties of apple, such as Ozark Gold, Julyred, and Jester, had the same... 

Relinda cider apple cultivar resistant to scab... 

Under organic conditions it is preferable to grow varieties that are robust or resistant to scab (see section in Chapter 3 on Apple cultivars). 

Figure 7. Principal component analysis of 25 apple cultivars.

While they generally are considered a problem, viruses can sometimes give a plant desirable properties. For example, solid-color tulips, when infected with certain viruses, become mottled with bold blotches of color (these types are sold as Rembrandt tulips). Another virus infects an apple cultivar known as Mailing 9, which is used as a rootstock to dwarf apple trees. When special propagation techniques were used to rid some Mailing 9 plants of the virus, resulting trees no longer were as dwarfed. 

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