Apple polyphenols

Veitch NC. 2004. Horseradish peroxidase a modem view of a classic enzyme. Phytochemistry 65 249—259. Wegrzyn TF, Farr JM, Hunter DC, Au J, Wohlers MW, Skinner MA, Stanley RA and Waterhouse DS. 2008. Stability of antioxidants in an apple polyphenol—milk model system. Food Chem 109 310-318. 

Lotito SB and Frei B. 2004. Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects. Free Radic Biol Med 36(2) 201—211. 

Pizzocaro F Torreggiani D and Gilardi G. 1993. Inhibition of apple polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by ascorbic acid, citric acid and sodium chloride. J Food Proc Preserv 17 21—30. 

Fini, L., Selgrad, M., Fogliano, V., Graziani, G., Romano, M., Hotchkiss, E., Daoud, Y.A., De Vol, E.B., Boland, C.R. and Ricciardiello, L. (2007) Annurca apple polyphenols have potent demethylating activity and can reactivate silenced tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer cells. The Journal of Nutrition, 137, 2622—2628. 

For phenolics in fruit by-products such as apple seed, peel, cortex, and pomace, an HPLC method was also utilized. Apple waste is considered a potential source of specialty chemicals (58,62), and its quantitative polyphenol profile may be useful in apple cultivars for classification and identification. Chlorogenic acid and coumaroylquinic acids and phloridzin are known to be major phenolics in apple juice (53). However, in contrast to apple polyphenolics, HPLC with a 70% aqueous acetone extract of apple seeds showed that phloridzin alone accounts for ca. 75% of the total apple seed polyphenolics (62). Besides phloridzin, 13 other phenolics were identified by gradient HPLC/PDA on LiChrospher 100 RP-18 from apple seed (62). The HPLC technique was also able to provide polyphenol profiles in the peel and cortex of the apple to be used to characterize apple cultivars by multivariate statistical techniques (63). Phenolic compounds in the epidermis zone, parenchyma zone, core zone, and seeds of French cider apple varieties are also determined by HPLC (56). Three successive solvent extractions (hexane, methanol, aqueous acetone), binary HPLC gradient using (a) aqueous acetic acid, 2.5%, v/v, and (b) acetonitrile fol-... 

Peng, C. Chan, H. Y.E. Huang, Y. Yu, H. ChenZ. Y. 2011. Apple polyphenols extend the mean lifespan of drosophila melanogaster. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59 2097-2106. 

Renard, C. M. G. C., Baron, A., Guyot, S., Drilleau, J. (2001). Interactions between apple cell walls and native apple polyphenols quantification and some consequences. IrU. J. Biol. Macromolecules, 29, 115-125. 

Richard-Forget, F, Rouet-Mayer, M.-A., Goupy, R M., Philippon, J., Nicolas, J. J. (1992). Oxidation of chlorogenic acid, catechins, and 4-methylcatechol in model solutions by apple polyphenol oxidase. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 2114-2122. 

Janovitz-Klapp A, Richard F, Goupy PM, and Nicolas J. Inhibition studies on apple polyphenol-oxidase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990 38 926-931. 

The product quality has been analyzed with respect to the retention of the antioxidant activity of the spray-dried powder. Polyphenolic compounds present in several extracts (grape seed, apple polyphenolic extract, or olive-leaf) were also encapsnlated by SD in protein-lipid emulsions (Kosaraju et al, 2008) and chitosan (Kosaraju et al., 2006). 

Annurca apple polyphenol extract (APE) HaCaT cells keratinocytes Antiproliferative action [104]... 

Apple polyphenols are present in different parts of the fruit. A major source is the skin, which contains all the flavonols and anthocyanins in addition to an important amount of dihydrochalcones. ° Phenolic acids are present in the flesh whereas most of the dihydrochalcones are in the core and the seeds. This distribution in different parts of the fruit also affects polyphenol concentration of apple juice where only small amounts of quercetin glycosides and dihydrochalcones are present. However, polyphenol content is also affected by the technological procedure. The oxidative conditions and the clarification process during the production of clear apple juice reduces the phenolic content. In contrast, the anaerobic conditions and the lack of a clarification step during cloudy apple juice production prevents an important loss of polyphenols. ... 

Total cholesterol (TC) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner after the daily consumption of food supplements containing apple polyphenols (0, 300, 600 and 1500 mg), during a 4-week parallel, placebo-control study in 48 healthy, mild hypercholesterolemic subjects. Although the main effects were observed after the highest polyphenol concentration (1500 mg), which is considerably... 

Nagasako-Akazome et al. (2005) 300 or 600 or 1500 mg apple polyphenols supplements/d Control supplement without polyphenols 48 healthy hypercholesterolemic men and women — 4 weeks Randomized, double-blinded, placebo[Pg.182]

The potential lipid-lowering effect of a daily consumption of three apples which has been suggested by human studies, can not be independently attributed to polyphenols or pectin. According to Jensen et al. (2009), 6 g of pectin or 600—1500 mg of apple polyphenols are responsible for significant cholesterol reduction in humans. 

LDL-C oxidation is unquestionably an important contributor to atherogenesis. However, although the extent to which LDL-C can be oxidized ex vivo has been extensively investigated, its impact in vivo is contentious. The potential inhibition of LDL-C oxidation was tested for six commercial apple juices and the peel, flesh and whole fresh Red Delicious apples. All the tested products inhibited LDL-C oxidation assessed by an in vitro copper catalyzed human LDL-C oxidation system. The inhibition of the test products was 21, 34 and 38% for flesh, whole apple and peel, respectively, and 9—34% for the juices. Apple peel extract rich in quercetin also inhibited LDL-(Z oxidation in vitroP Moreover, apple polyphenols have been shown to increase the excretion of cholesterol oxidation products and protect against peroxidation in rats. ... 

It is proposed that polyphenols and fiber are the main contributors to the observed effects, either individually or in a synergistic interaction. However, bioavailability and metabolism of the numerous apple polyphenols is not completely understood. Moreover, limited data are available for the characterization of apple fiber, in particular pectin, in the different apple varieties and the impact of the physicochemical properties and structure on the degree of effect. Suitably powered randomly controlled, human dietary intervention studies with long intervention periods are required to clarify the protective effects of apples and juice consumption. Further in vivo animal models are also necessary to explore the potential multiple mechanisms of actions. 

Nagasako-Akazome Y, Kanda T, Ohtake Y, Shimasaki H, Kobayashi T. Apple polyphenols influence cholesterol metabolism in healthy subjects with relatively high body mass index. / Oleo Sci. 2007 56(8) 417—428. 

Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M. Absorption of dietary cholesterol oxidation products and their downstream metabolic effects are reduced by dietary apple polyphenols. Lipids. 2007 42(2) 151—161. 

Bazzocco S, Mattila I, Guyot S, Renard CMGC, Aura A-M. Factors affecting the conversion of apple polyphenols to phenolic acids and fruit matrix to short-chain fatty adds by human faecal microbiota in vitro. Eur Nutr. 2008 47(8) 442—45Z... 

Nakazato K, Song H, Waga T. Effects of dietary apple polyphenol on adipose tissues weights in wistar rats. Exp Anim. 2006 55 (4) 383-389. 

Ohta Y, Sami M, Kanda T, Saito K, Osada K, Kato H. Gene expression analysis of the anti-obesity effect by apple polyphenols in rats fed a high fat diet or a normal diet. / Oleo Sci. 2006 55(6) 305-314. 

Sugiyama H, Akazome Y, Shoji T, et al. Oligomeric procyanidins in apple polyphenol are main active components for inhibition of pancreatic lipase and triglyceride absorption. / Agric Food Chan. 2007 55(11) 4604—4609. 

Jung M, Triebel S, Anke T, Richling E, Erkel G. Influence of apple polyphenols on inflammatory gene expression. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 53(10) 1263-1280. 

Zhao S, Bomser J, Joseph EL, DiSilvestro RA. Intakes of apples or apple polyphenols decease plasma values for oxidized low-density lipoprotein/beta(2)-glycoprotein I complex. / Fund Foods. 2013 5(l) 493-497. 

Godycki-Cwirko M, Krol M, Krol B, et al. Uric acid but not apple polyphenols is responsible for the rise of plasma antioxidant activity after apple juice consumption in healthy subjects. / Am Coll Nutr. 2010 29(4) 397-406. 

Xiang L, Sun K, Lu J, Weng Y, Taoka A, Sakagami Y, Qi J (2011) Anti-aging effects of phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, on yeast via the SOD and Sir2 genes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75 854... 

Alonso-Salcesa RM, Ndjoko K, Queiroz EF, loset JR, Hostettmann BL Bcameta LA, Gallo B, Vicente F (2004) On-line characterisation of apple polyphenols by liquid chrranatography coupled with mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorbance detectioiL J Chromatogr A 1046 89-100... 

In the meantime, Professor K. Abe at the University of Tokyo organized the International Life Science Institute (ILSI) Japan-endowed chair Functional Food Genomics (with Professor Y. Nakai in charge) which aims to explore a new dimension of food science in the form of academia-industry consortium (Nakai etal. 2010). This laboratory has publicized DNA microarray data on soy protein isolate (Tachibana et al. 2005), cocoa as a whole (Matsui et al. 2005), sesamin (Tsuruoka et al. 2005), apple polyphenol (Ohta et al. 2006), grape seed (Sano et al. 2007), royal jelly as a whole (Narita et al. 2006), fructo-oligosaccharide (Fukasawa et al. 2007), vinegar as a whole (Nakano et al. 2004), tomato (Aizawa et al. 2009), and others. What may be extremely interesting would be the data on inhaled linalool as an aroma that reduces a kind of... 

Flavour Apple Polyphenol Decrease Increased pest pressure... 

Inactivation kinetics of apple polyphenol oxidase in different pressiue-temperature domains. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 10,... 

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