Related Obesity

A dry food diet may be helpful in taking care of edema or water-related obesity. The following foods should be used in connection with high-chlorine foods, such as celery, okra, whey, and dulce. 

In short, it is hard to conclude whether the gut microbiota is playing an active causative role in the development of obesity, or whether the obesity-associated profile of microbiota is simply in response to an obese state or the underlying diet. However, considering that the gut microbiota has been implicated in the onset of obesity in several animal studies, is modified by obesity and obesity-inducing diets, and appears to mediate some mechanisms of diet-related obesity and associated conditions, there is reasonable evidence to suggest its importance in metabolic health. The "chicken and egg" question therefore seems inconsequential compared to the significance of elucidating the role of the gut microbiota in host nutritional metabolism. 

Pemoline [2152-34-3] (24), stmcturally dissimilar to amphetamine or methylphenidate, appears to share the CNS-stimulating properties. As a consequence, pemoline is employed in the treatment of ADHD and of narcolepsy. There are several other compounds that are stmcturally related to amphetamines, although not as potent and, presumably, without as much abuse potential. These compounds also have anorexic effects and are used to treat obesity. Some of the compounds available are phentermine [122-09-8] fenfluramine [458-24-2] and an agent that is available over-the-counter, phenylpropanolamine [1483815-4] (26). 

The wide range of inflammation-related factors that adipocytes secrete is linked to the inflammatory response that the tissue exhibits in obesity [1]. Obesity in general, like an increasing number of other diseases, is characterised by a state of mild chronic inflammation, and adipose tissue plays a central role in this. The production of most inflammation-related adipokines increases markedly in obesity and there is an elevated circulating level of a number of these factors as well as of other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). The increased production of inflammatory adipokines (and decreased production of adiponectin with its anti-inflammatory action) in the obese is considered to play a critical role in the development of the obesity-associated pathologies, particularly type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [1]. 

Little attempt has been made to develop drugs targeted specifically to white adipose tissue and the production of adipokines. It is likely, however, that there will be an increasing emphasis on this approach to the pharmacological treatment of obesity-related diseases, given the current views on the centrality of the adipokines to these disorders. It is, of course, the diseases that obesity leads to, rather than obesity itself, that constitute the main medical challenge. 

In addition, Pfizer has identified a number of related, fused bicyclic pyrazole analogues [286-292]. These compounds, of which structures (419 25) are specified examples, are claimed to be of use in the treatment of a number of diseases including alcoholism, psychosis, tobacco abuse, Parkinson s disease and obesity. 

Investigation of the differences in crystal packing between (431) and (426) from comparison of their respective X-ray structures, revealed that (431) was more tightly packed than (442), reflected in their respective melting points of 235 and 170 °C. It was postulated that the absence of in vivo activity for (431) may be explained by the resultant reduction in water solubility and dissolution rate compared with (426). The comparatively high calculated polar surface area of (431) (122.5A ) compared with (426) (89.3 A ) was also proposed as a factor influencing the marked difference in bioavailability between the two related compounds. Compound (426) (SLV-319) is currently being developed with Bristol-Myers Squibb for the potential treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Phase I trials for obesity were started in April 2004. Earlier Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis, which commenced in April 2002, appear to have been abandoned. 

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in most industrialized countries over the last two decades. Many serious diseases, such as stroke, diabetes mellitus and other chronic conditions, are directly related to being overweight (1, 2). The number of adults who are classified as extremely obese tallies in the nullions for the United States alone (3). The number of children that are most likely obese adults for the rest of their lives has tripled in the same time period (3). 

Patients with multiple risk factors, particularly those with diabetes, are at the greatest risk for IHD. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors related to hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin... 

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease begins with asymptomatic fatty liver but may progress to cirrhosis. This is a disease of exclusion elimination of any possible viral, genetic, or environmental causes must be made prior to making this diagnosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is related to numerous metabolic abnormalities. Risk factors include diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and other conditions associated with increased hepatic fat.26... 

The common causes of thyrotoxicosis are shown in Table 41-6.29,30 Thyrotoxicosis can be related to the presence or absence of excess hormone production (hyperthyroidism). Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Thyrotoxicosis in the elderly is more likely due to toxic thyroid nodules or multinodular goiter than to Graves disease. Excessive intake of thyroid hormone may be due to overtreatment with prescribed therapy. Surreptitious use of thyroid hormones also may occur, especially in health professionals or as a self-remedy for obesity. Thyroid hormones can be obtained easily without a prescription from health food stores or Internet sources. 

The treatment goals for overweight and obesity are to prevent additional weight gain, reduce and maintain a lower body weight, and control related risks. 

Pharmacotherapy, in addition to lifestyle modifications, is reserved for patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater or a BMI of 27 kg/m2 or greater with other obesity-related risk factors. Weight likely will be regained if lifestyle changes are not continued indefinitely. 

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