Antistatic anionic

Anionic Antistats Anionic antistats for PVC include sodium salts of alkyl sulfonates and phosphates. These additives are, in addition, external lubricants. In some cases, their inclusion may boost stabdizer activity (as with lubricants in general). Generally, their use poses less of a hazard to heat stabUity than amine salts of strong acids. At more than trace levels, adjustments to the overall stabilizer and lubricant package are usually needed. Usage with barium or lead must also be checked, as noted above, for unexpected effects. 

Antistatic polystyrenes have been developed in terms of additives or coatings to minimise primarily dust collecting problems in storage (see Antistatic agents). Large Hsts of commercial antistatic additives have been pubhshed (41). For styrene-based polymers, alkyl and/or aryl amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds, anionics, etc, are all used. 

Surface-active agents iacrease the conductivity of oils quite significantly (97), and addition of water, probably dissolved at the iaterface with the surfactant, further iacreases the conductivity. Nonionic and cationic surface-active agents are preferred to anionic surface-active agents probably because of their higher solubiHty ia oils and higher hygroscopicity. Many anionic surfactants have adequate antistatic efficiency, but they are used less frequendy. 

Eor instance, exhaust appHcation is possible with cationic finishes which have an affinity for the anionic groups in polymeric materials. After appHcation, the textile is dried. Durable antistatic finishes require cross-linking of the resin. Cross-linking is usually achieved by subjecting the treated, dried material to heat curing. A catalyst is often incorporated to accelerate insolubilization. 

Generally, PS containing amine groups are synthesized by condensation of chlorinated PS with amines. These type of resins are widely used as anionic resins.[8] PSs containing imidazol rings have antistatic properties and are used as additives to make dyeing of synthetic fiber materials easy [9] (Scheme [3]). 

Many other products can be used as softeners but are less important commercially because of greater cost and/or inferior properties. Examples are anionic surfactants such as long-chain (C16-C22) alkyl sulphates, sulphonates, sulphosuccinates and soaps. These have rather low substantivity and are easily washed out. Nonionic types of limited substantivity and durability, usually applied by padding, include polyethoxylated derivatives of long-chain alcohols, acids, glycerides, oils and waxes. They are useful where ionic surfactants would pose compatibility problems and they exhibit useful antistatic properties, but they are more frequently used as lubricants in combination with other softeners, particularly the cationics. 

Even if this class covers the smallest market segment, amphoteric surfactants still remain useful because of their unique properties, which justifies their comparably high manufacturing costs. Since they have partial anionic and cationic character, they can be compatible, under specific conditions, with both anionic and cationic surfactants. They can function in acid or basic pH systems and, at their isoelectric point, they exhibit special behaviour. Many amphoteric surfactants demonstrate exceptional foaming and detergency properties combined with antistatic effects. 

Polyurethanes find an application where they dissipate electrostatic charges generated in rollers and items such as chute liners. There are two main routes to obtain these properties. The classical method is to add conductive graphite or fine metal to the polyurethane. The major disadvantage is the high loading of the material, which reduces the physical properties. The viscosity of the mix is also drastically increased, and nonuniform mixing is often the result. The alternative is to use an anionic or cationic antistatic... 

Anionic softeners are heat stable at normal textile processing temperatures and compatible with other components of dye and bleach baths. They can easily be washed off and provide strong antistatic effects and good rewetting properties because their anionic groups are oriented outward and are surrounded by a thick hydration layer. Sulfonates are, in contrast to sulfates, resistent to hydrolysis (Fig. 3.3). They are often used for special applications, such as medical textiles, or in combination with anionic fluorescent brightening agents. 

Most non-polymeric antistatic finishes are also surfactants that can orient themselves in specific ways at fibre surfaces. The hydrophobic structure parts of the molecule act as lubricants to reduce charge buildup. This is particularly true with cationic antistatic surfactants that align with the hydrophobic group away from the fibre surface, similar to cationic softeners (see Chapter 3, Fig. 3.1). The main antistatic effect from anionic and non-ionic surfactants is increased conductivity from mobile ions and the hydration layer that surrounds the hydrophilic portion of the molecule since the surface orientation for these materials places the hydrated layer at the air interface. 

Release agent and specialty nonionic lubricant semi-durable antistat promotes superior softness on synthetics and blends. Non-yellowing compatible with anionic and cationic systems. 

Anionic antistat provides static protection with good fiber-to-fiber lubricity. 

An anionic leveling agent for use in space dyeing nylon fibers to prevent frosting. Excellent for use with hard to level antisoil and antistatic nylon fibers,... 

Anionic antistatic agent for natural and synthetic fibers. HYDROSTAT A may be applied in conjunction with anionic or nonionic materials. 

Antistat properties high solids good fiber to fiber lubricity and excellent fiber to metal lubriclty--anionic,... 

High solids good antistat properties suitable for continuous heat setting contributes to scroop high cohesion proper-ties--anionic. 

All purpose wet winding lubricant and yarn conditioner antistat properties--anionic. 

Excellent antistat agent for polyvinyl acetate and acrylic emulsions not resin bath stable--anionic. 

A wide range of anionic and nonionic TRITON surfactants is available for use in the textile industry. They are useful in solving wetting problems, as dyeing assistants, as dye leveling agents, as softeners, as antistatic agents as well as emulsifiers and stabilizers. 

Antistatic agents, anionic, to be used as additives to other finishing agents. 

Nonionic surfactants are more tolerant of the presence of cationic surfactants than anionic surfactants. Mixtures of the two are sometimes used in the production of specialty determents that are powerful antistatic products. 

Monoalkyl phosphate and phosphate esters are special types of phosphoms-contain-ing anionic surfactants that are of great industrial importance. They are used for flameproofing, as antistatic for textiles, for foam inhibition, as an extreme pressure (EP) lubricant additive, as a surfactant component for alkaline, and as acid cleaners and for special cosmetic preparations (5). The commercially available phosphate ester products are complex mixtures of monoester and diester, free phosphoric acid, and free nonionic. 

Poly(propylene oxide) is typically obtained by base catalyzed anionic polymerization of propylene oxide [12]. Both stereospecific and atactic forms are known. The polymer is used as a soft polyether unit in polyurethane elastomers and foams in polymer electrolytes as surfactants (lubricants, dispersants, antistatic agents, foam control agents) in printing inks, as solubilizers in hydraulic fluids, coolant compositions in various medical applications (protective bandages, drug delivery systems, organ preservation, dental compositions), etc. 

---