Softeners-Cationic

A softener to be used in the dyebath or after-rinse to give softness to nylon or polyester fibers. Excellent for use in the continuous dyeing and printing of carpet, 

Complex amine. Highest degree of softening power versus cost. Especially recommended for denims to reduce ozone fading. Can be used without modifications or diluted to stock textile concentrations. 

Economical cationic softeners which may be used on various textile fibers to impart a soft, slick hand. HYSOFT DLC can be incorporated directly into a textile dyebath. 

Non-yellowing cationic softeners for use on polyester/cotton blends and acryllc/cotton blends. HYSOFT NSS Cone, is a 100% concentrate. 

Fatty amines. Cationics designed for maximum buttery hand on sweaters and knitwear. Effective on stretch fabrics and function as lustering agents/softeners for pile fabrics. Concentrated version suitable for solvent applications. 

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Softening Cation Polystyrene matrix Sulfonic acid functional groups Nad... 

Values of the solubility of surfactants in equilibrium with crystal phase rarely have been measured. In detergent mixtures, other surfactants present in the mixture solubilize the 2-n-(p-sulfophenyl)-alkanes and the fabric softener cationics. A mixing effect which reduces the CMC can explain this. 

Softeners - Cationic - Anionic, Polyethylene, etc. Solvent Scouring Agents Water Repellants - Non durable Weighters Wetting Agents... 

Figure 20 A scheme for countercurrent water softening (cation exchanger Dowex-50 X 8).

Iron Fe+2 (ferrous) Fe+3 (ferric) Discolors water on precipitation source of deposits in water lines, boilers, etc. interferes with dyeing, tanning, paper mfr., etc. Aeration, coagulation and filtration, lime softening, cation exchange, contact filtration, surface active agents for iron retention... 

Use Germicides, fungicides, textile fiber softeners, cationic emulsifiers, flotation reagents, mildew proofing. 

Since the late 1970s concentrated fabric softener products have been marketed in the U.S. and Europe. The concentration of the softening cationic in these products is about three times as high as in conventional products. 

Aeration coagulation and filtration lime softening cation exchange contact filtration surface-active agents for iron retention... 

An extension of these calculations to cationic dialkylamide salts required an even more complex model [Adolf et al. 1995]. These molecules have the general formula (CH3)2N [(CH2) iCH3][(CH2)m-iCH3]CK and the isomer with m = m = 18 is one of the main active ingredients in commercial fabric softeners. The presence of two long alkyl... 

Cationic polymerization of coal-tar fractions has been commercially achieved through the use of strong protic acids, as well as various Lewis acids. Sulfuric acid was the first polymerization catalyst (11). More recent technology has focused on the Friedel-Crafts polymerization of coal fractions to yield resins with higher softening points and better color. Typical Lewis acid catalysts used in these processes are aluminum chloride, boron trifluoride, and various boron trifluoride complexes (12). Cmde feedstocks typically contain 25—75% reactive components and may be refined prior to polymerization (eg, acid or alkali treatment) to remove sulfur and other undesired components. Table 1 illustrates the typical components found in coal-tar fractions and their corresponding properties. 

Particular drawbacks of using alkylsiHcon and alkyltin haHdes with AlCl for the cationic polymerization of terpenes are low yields and the fact that they require rigorously dried feeds (<50 ppm H2O) to be effective. Increased water content results in lower yields and lower softening points (85). Catalyst systems comprised of AlCl with antimony haHdes in the presence or absence of a lower alkyl, alkenyl, or aralkyl haHde are particularly effective in systems containing up to 300 ppm H2O (89,90). Use of 2—12 wt % of a system composed of 2—3 parts AlCl, 0.7—0.9 parts SbCl, and 0—0.2 parts of an organic... 

It is not always necessary for the resin to be in the hydrogen form for adsorption of cations, especiaHy if a change in the pH of the Hquid phase is to be avoided (see also Hydrogen-ION activity). Eor example, softening of water, both in homes and at industrial sites, is practiced by using the resin in the form. 

Ton-exchange systems vary from simple one-column units, as used in water softening, to numerous arrays of cation and anion exchangers which are dependent upon the appHcation, quaHty of effluent required, and design parameters. An Hlustration of some of these systems, as used in the production of deionized (demineralized) water, is presented in Figure 7. 

There are two reasons why the concentration of quaternaries is beheved to remain at a low level in sewage treatment systems. First, quaternaries appear to bind anionic compounds and thus are effectively removed from wastewater by producing stable, lower toxicity compounds (205). Anionic compounds are present in sewer systems at significantly higher concentrations than are cations (202). Second, the nature of how most quaternaries are used ensures that their concentrations in wastewater treatment systems are always relatively low but steady. Consumer products such as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, and disinfectants contain only a small amount of quaternary compounds. This material is then diluted with large volumes of water during use. 

Similar to processing mined rock salt, solar salt may be cmshed, screened, and kiln dried or fluidized-bed dried. Coarse solar salt is a premium product because of high purity and relatively large crystal size. It is in particular demand for use to regenerate the resin in cation-exchange water softeners... 

Water is softened by removing calcium and magnesium ions from hard water in exchange for sodium ions at sites on cation-exchange resin. Water softeners typically use a gel polystyrene sulfonate cation-exchange resin regenerated with a 10% salt brine solution (25). 

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