Packaging lubrication

Aerosol products are hermetically sealed, ensuring that the contents caimot leak, spill, or be contaminated. The packages can be considered to be tamper-proof. They deUver the product in an efficient manner generating Httie waste, often to sites of difficult access. By control of particle size, spray pattern, and volume deUvered per second, the product can be appHed directiy without contact by the user. For example, use of aerosol pesticides can minimize user exposure and aerosol first-aid products can soothe without applying painful pressure to a wound. Spray contact lens solutions can be appHed directiy and aerosol lubricants (qv) can be used on machinery in operation. Some preparations, such as stable foams, can only be packaged as aerosols. 

The dry-extmsion process consists of four operations dissolution of the polymer in a volatile solvent filtration of the solution to remove insoluble matter extmsion of the solution to form fibers and lubrication, yam formation, and packaging. 

The PTFE micropowders are commonly used in plastics, inks, lubricants, and finishes such as lacquer. Lubricants containing micropowders are used for bearings, valve components, and other moving parts where sliding friction must be minimized or eliminated. Nonstick finishes that require good release properties, for example, in the food and packaging industry, commonly use PTFE micropowders. 

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

The greatest amount of surfactant consumption is in packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial use. The remainder is used in processing textiles and leather, in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, food, lubricants, paint, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products. 

The latest government regulations set forth under the Toxic Substances Control Act and in PubHc Health Service pubHcations should be checked before formulating new lubricants. Users of lubricants should request Material Safety Data Sheets for each substance involved plus certification of compliance from vendors. Lubricant compounders should insist on similar information from their suppHers for any additive packages. Manufacturers of both additives and lubricants commonly make toxicity checks on commercial products. 

Over time, finish components tend to separate and migrate within the fiber and throughout the yam package. With nylon, the ionic emulsifiers and antistats tend toward the core of the fiber whereas the hydrocarbon lubricants remain on the surface. It is, therefore, essential to scour yams and fabrics at neutral to basic pH to reemulsify the lubricant and remove the finish emulsifier prior to dyeiag. In formulating any new finish, environmental issues such as biodegradabihty, water and air pollution must be considered (137). 

The male barrier contraceptive device is known as the condom, or mbber, and is widely available in most countries. The condom is a mbber or latex sheath, sometimes packaged with a lubricant and spermicide, which serves as a cover for the penis and a receptacle for semen. The method is very effective if the condom is of good quaUty, remains on, and is replaced for each subsequent intercourse. It was reported that 6 biUion condoms were used in 1990 (101). Usage appears to be increasing as adjunctive use with other methods of contraception for prevention of HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases. By rough estimate, condoms may have been used in more than 13 biUion acts of sexual intercourse that risked unwanted pregnancy, HIV, and/or other sexually transmitted diseases (101). 

Trichlorotrifluoro-ethane (C2CI5F5) Used in low capacity centrifugal chiller packaged units. Operates with very low system pressures, high gas volumes. Also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of specialty lubricants. 

It cannot be emphasized too strongly that dirt and correct lubrication are incompatible. The lubricant manufacturer has a comprehensive system of classification, filtration and inspection of packages, which ensures that all oils and greases leaving his plant are free from liquid and solid contaminants. It is in his own interests that the user should take the same care to ensure that the lubricant enters his machinery in as clean a condition as that in the bulk tank or barrel. The entry of abrasive dust, water and other undesirable matter into bearings and oilways may result if lubricants are handled carelessly. 

While it is impossible to describe a system of storekeeping and distribution suitable for every site, there are certain essential principles which should be adhered to if cleanliness, order and economy are to be maintained. How these principles should be applied is for individual management to decide. The keynote, however, should be simplicity. A storekeeper familiar with both grades and needs should control distribution. While the lubrication schedule for any particular unit is generally the concern of the operator, the storekeeper must equally be aware of it and have a comprehensive list of the different grades, their applications, quantities, daily and other periodic needs. On such a basis he will be able to requisition and store the necessary lubricants in the most convenient and economic quantities and packages, and ensure that supplies are used on a first in, first out basis. 

Stearic acid is the most common of the long-chain fatty acids. It is found in many foods, such as beef fat and cocoa butter. It is widely used as a lubricant in soaps, cosmetics, food packaging, deodorant sticks, and toothpastes. It is also a commonly used softener in rubber. 

Zhu, D. and Hu, Y. Z., A Computer Program Package for the Prediction of EHL and Mixed Lubrication Characteristics, Friction, Subsurface Stresses and Flash Temperatures Based on Measured 3-D Surface Roughness," Tribol. Trans., Vol. 44, No. 3,2001, pp. 383-390. 

An indoor packaging facility handles lubricating oil (an NFPA Class NIB liquid) in drums at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Prior to shipment, the drums are stored in pallets in a warehouse section of the facility. A concern was raised about the explosion and fire potential that may be present from handling combustible liquid inside a building. A lunchroom is adjacent to the packaging facility. 

Typical additive packages for engineering thermoplastics have been described by Titzschkau [9], such as processing aids for PA, PP, or PET/PBT, three-component additive packages for polyamides and polyesters (nucleating agent, lubricant and process heat stabiliser) and coated copper stabilisers for polyamides. Additive packages or combinations of up to five or more additives are quite common. A typical white window PVC profile formulation comprises an acrylic impact modifier, TiC>2, CaCC>3, calcium stearate, a... 

---