Surface-active agents anionic

Surface-active agents iacrease the conductivity of oils quite significantly (97), and addition of water, probably dissolved at the iaterface with the surfactant, further iacreases the conductivity. Nonionic and cationic surface-active agents are preferred to anionic surface-active agents probably because of their higher solubiHty ia oils and higher hygroscopicity. Many anionic surfactants have adequate antistatic efficiency, but they are used less frequendy. 

Eosin Flavonoids Morin Flavonol, fisetin, robinetin Quercetin Rutin condensation products of urea, formaldehyde and methanol [126], pesticide derivatives [127] sweetening agents [128, 129] anion-active and nonionogenic surface-active agents [130] steroids, pesticides [29,132, 133] pesticides [134—137] vanadium in various oxidation states [138] uracil derivatives [139]... 

Pinacryptol yellow surface-active agents [147 — 151] carbamate-based insecticides and herbicides [152] organic anions [153] sweeteners [129, 154]... 

ISO 2271 1989, Surface active agents Determination of anionic-active matter by manual or mechanical direct two-phase titration procedure. 

Luo et al. [1,153] used a slurry containing ultra-fine diamond (UFD) powders to polish the surface of HDD sliders. The powders are from 3 nm to 18 nm in diameter and 90 % around 5 nm. They are crystal and sphere-like [154]. The pH value of the slurry is kept in the range from 6.0 to 7.5 in order to avoid the corrosion of read-write heads, especially pole areas. A surface-active agent is added into the slurry to decrease the surface tension of the slurry to 22.5 Dyn/cm, and make it spread on the polish plate equably. An anti-electrostatic solvent is also added to the slurry to avoid the magnetoresistance (MR) head being destroyed by electrostatic discharge. The anion concentration of the slurry is strictly controlled in ppb level so as to avoid the erosion of magnetic heads as shown in Table 5. The concentration of UFDs in the slurry is 0.4 wt %. 

In the manufacture of articles direct from latex it is necessary to stabilise the latex (to prevent premature coagulation) by the addition of protective colloids such as casein soaps, gelatine and proprietary anionic surface active agents. 

Surfactants, 9 22-23, 784. See also Surface-active agents admixture for cement, 5 485 amphoteric, 14 709 amphoteric (zwitterionic), 24 148 anionic, 24 144-146 applications for, 24 119, 155-161... 

The surface active agents (surfactants) may be cationic, anionic or non-ionic. Surfactants commonly used are cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTABr), sodium lauryl sulphate (NaLS) and triton-X, etc. The surfactants help to lower the surface tension at the monomer-water interface and also facilitate emulsification of the monomer in water. Because of their low solubility surfactants get fully dissolved or molecularly dispersed only at low concentrations and at higher concentrations micelles are formed. The highest concentration where in all the molecules are in dispersed state is known as critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC values of some surfactants are listed in table below. 

Subsequent finishing of the crude product typically involves heating the aqueous pigment suspension, frequently to temperatures of 100 to 150°C. The crude pigment slurry is thus heated under pressure. This technique may be varied to a certain extent. It is possible, for instance, to add or to exclusively use either water soluble or water immiscible organic solvents or to add surface-active nonionic, anionic, or cationic agents. 

The stabilizing of aqueous latexes succeeded by using emulsifiers (anionic, nonionic) and/or their mixture, steric stabilizators (polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, new protective colloids etc.), and polymerizable surfaces active agents, in general. Vinyl acetate (VAc) emulsion homopolymers and copolymers (latexes) are widely used as binders in water-based interior and exterior architectural paints, coatings, and adhesives, since they have higher mechanical and water resistance properties than the homopolymers of both monomers [2, 4, 7]. 

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