POLYMERIC ANTISTATIC

There are some applications for a-sulfo fatty acid esters in the production and processing of synthetic materials or natural rubber. Emulsifiers are needed for the emulsion polymerization, antistatic agents improve the properties of polymers, and wetting agents are needed as parting components for elastomers. 

Most non-polymeric antistatic finishes are also surfactants that can orient themselves in specific ways at fibre surfaces. The hydrophobic structure parts of the molecule act as lubricants to reduce charge buildup. This is particularly true with cationic antistatic surfactants that align with the hydrophobic group away from the fibre surface, similar to cationic softeners (see Chapter 3, Fig. 3.1). The main antistatic effect from anionic and non-ionic surfactants is increased conductivity from mobile ions and the hydration layer that surrounds the hydrophilic portion of the molecule since the surface orientation for these materials places the hydrated layer at the air interface. 

Migrating antistats are satisfactory solutions in many cases, but inherendy dissipating polymers (IDPs) or conductive polymers added to POs induce permanent antistatic/ESD properties. Two main advantages of these materials are usually dted in the literature (1) IDPs are large molecules that are not consumed, so they provide stable antistat/ESD properties over time and (2) IDPs do not bloom to the surface, so they cannot be "wiped off" and do not affect other surface properties. They are also usually clear, thermally stable, and some are much less affected by humidity than migrating antistats. Permanent polymeric antistats are usually conductive block copolymers that form continuous conductive networks when added to a polymer matrix. Many IDPs are not compatible with POs the ones discussed below are compatible [6-16,6-20, 6-28). 

Uses Detergent, oil emulsifier, thickener, wetting agent, defoamer, dispersant, solubilizer, stabilizer for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, metal cleaning, emulsion polymerization antistat for polyethylene and resin molding powds. demulsifier in petrol, industry surfactant in latex-based paints, aq.-based syn. cutting fluids and vulcanization of rubber Features Low foaming... 

Chem. Desaip Phosphated alkyl ethoxylate, potassium salt Uses Detergent, wetting agenL oily soil emulsifier in built detergents, agric. formulations, polymerization antistat in fiber finishes for polyester and PP... 

Uses Surfactant, o/w emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent in agric., cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, leather, metalworking, textiles, paints, emulsion polymerization antistat for rigid PVC in food-pkg. adhesives synthetic flavoring agent, emulsifier, stabilizer, dispersant in foods emulsifier in food pkg. 

Uses Surfactant for emulsion polymerization antistat in cosmetics... 

Traditional polymeric antistats relying on ionic conductivity and comprising quaternary halide groups or acidic groups can be prepared as latexes. Electrically conducting polymers are also typically prepared as aqueous latexes. In dye-diffusion-transfer processes, especially for anionically charged dyes, mordent polymers are also prepared as latexes. 

Polymeric antistatic agents have been employed in textile fibres. loni-cally conductive copolyethers such as ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers and other similar polymers are examples. Polyoxyethylene derivatives with high electrical conductivities caused by proton migration are not highly dependent on relative humidity and have found some use in thermoplastics. 

Uses Detergent, solubilizer, stabilizer in petrol, processing, emulsion polymerization antistat, surfactant in cosmetics high foaming conditioner for shampoos, skin... 

Formula CH3(CH2),oCONHCH2CH2NCH2CH20HCH2CH2COONa Uses Surfactant for emulsion polymerization antistat in cosmetics Manuf./Distrib. Chemos GmbH Nanjing Chemlin Sodium iauroyi aspartate CAS 41489-18-3... 

Stannic chloride is also used widely as a catalyst in Eriedel-Crafts acylation, alkylation and cycHzation reactions, esterifications, halogenations, and curing and other polymerization reactions. Minor uses are as a stabilizer for colors in soap (19), as a mordant in the dyeing of silks, in the manufacture of blueprint and other sensitized paper, and as an antistatic agent for synthetic fibers (see Dyes, application and evaluation Antistatic agents). 

Eor instance, exhaust appHcation is possible with cationic finishes which have an affinity for the anionic groups in polymeric materials. After appHcation, the textile is dried. Durable antistatic finishes require cross-linking of the resin. Cross-linking is usually achieved by subjecting the treated, dried material to heat curing. A catalyst is often incorporated to accelerate insolubilization. 

Imidazolinium perchlorate, 4-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-synthesis, S, 487 Imidazolinium salts antistatic agents, 1, 409 Imidazolinium salts, 1-vinyl-polymerization, 1, 280 Imidazolin-2-one, 1-cyano-synthesis, S, 482 Imidazolin-2-one, 4,5-dialkyl-synthesis, S, 491 Imidazolin-2-one, 4,5-diaryl-bromination, S, 399-400 lmidazolin-2-one, 4,5-di( p-bromophenyl)-reactions... 

Especially in recent years, there has been a tendency to develop stabilisers with higher-MW (>2000 Da) to prevent loss under severe conditions of application. Polymeric additives for polymers, including impact modifiers, flexibilisers, antistatic agents, and processing aids, have been reviewed [54]. 

Union Carbide (34) and in particular Dow adopted the continuous mass polymerization process. Credit goes to Dow (35) for improving the old BASF process in such a way that good quality impact-resistant polystyrenes became accessible. The result was that impact-resistant polystyrene outstripped unmodified crystal polystyrene. Today, some 60% of polystyrene is of the impact-resistant type. The technical improvement involved numerous details it was necessary to learn how to handle highly viscous polymer melts, how to construct reactors for optimum removal of the reaction heat, how to remove residual monomer and solvents, and how to convey and meter melts and mix them with auxiliaries (antioxidants, antistatics, mold-release agents and colorants). All this was necessary to obtain not only an efficiently operating process but also uniform quality products differentiated to meet the requirements of various fields of application. In the meantime this process has attained technical maturity over the years it has been modified a number of times (Shell in 1966 (36), BASF in 1968 (37), Granada Plastics in 1970 (38) and Monsanto in 1975 (39)) but the basic concept has been retained. 

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