Anemia prevalence

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

Khieu et al. (2006) have pointed out that according to the WHO, half of the worlds children suffer from anemia — a silent, neglected and endemic disease with three major causes Fe deficiency, intestinal worms and malaria. Consequently, inside a malaria-free area, in a rural primary school in Battambang Province, Cambodia, a 2-month cross-sectional study of anemia was conducted to find causes related to detection and prevalence, and their hnhs to intestinal worms and malnutrition. The main objective of the study was to assess anemias prevalence and two of... 

Plasmodium vivax, responsible for the most prevalent form of malaria (benign tertian), has an incubation period of 8—27 days (14 average). A variety seen in northern and northeastern Europe has an incubation period as long as 8—10 months. The disease can cause splenic mpture and anemia. Relapses (renewed manifestations of erythrocytic infection) can occur with this type of malaria. Overall, P. vivax is stiU susceptible to chloroquine however, resistant strains have been reported from Papua New Guinea and parts of Indonesia. Plasmodium malariae the cause of quartan malaria, has an incubation period of 15—30 days and its asexual cycle is 72 hours. This mildest form of malaria can cause nephritis in addition to the usual symptoms. It is a nonrelapsing type of malaria but the ted blood ceU infection can last for many years. No resistance to chloroquine by this plasmodium has been reported. Plasmodium ovale responsible for ovale tertian malaria, has an incubation period of 9—17 days (15 average). Relapses can occur in people infected with this plasmodium. No chloroquine resistance has been reported for this parasite. 

Knowledge of the biochemistry of the porphyrins and of heme is basic to understanding the varied functions of hemoproteins (see below) in the body. The porphyrias are a group of diseases caused by abnormalities in the pathway of biosynthesis of the various porphyrins. Although porphyrias are not very prevalent, physicians must be aware of them. A much more prevalent clinical condition is jaundice, due to elevation of bilirubin in the plasma. This elevation is due to overproduction of bilirubin or to failure of its excretion and is seen in numerous diseases ranging from hemolytic anemias to viral hepatitis and to cancer of the pancreas. 

Attention to iron metabolism is particularly important in women for the reason mentioned above. Additionally, in pregnancy, allowances must be made for the growing fetus. Older people with poor dietary habits ( tea and toasters ) may develop iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia due to inadequate intake, inadequate utilization, or excessive loss of iron is one of the most prevalent conditions seen in medical practice. 

Transferrin binds iron, transporting it to sites where it is required. Ferritin provides an intracellular store of iron. Iron deficiency anemia is a very prevalent disorder. Hereditary hemochromatosis has been shown to be due to mutations in HFE, a gene encoding the protein HFE, which appeats to play an important role in absorption of iron. 

Ventricular premature depolarizations occur with variable frequency, depending on underlying comorbid conditions. The prevalence of complex or frequent VPDs is approximately 33% and 12% in men with and without CAD, respectively 34 in women, the prevalence of complex or frequent VPDs is 26% and 12% in those with and without CAD, respectively.35 Ventricular premature depolarizations occur more commonly in patients with ischemic heart disease, a history of myocardial infarction, and HF due to LV dysfunction. They may also occur as a result of hypoxia, anemia, and following cardiac surgery. 

The prevalence of anemia is correlated with the degree of renal dysfunction. More than 26% of patients with a GFR greater than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 are estimated to have anemia, and the number increases to 75% in patients with a GFR less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m2.32 The risk of developing anemia also increases as GFR declines, doubling for patients with stage 3 CKD, increasing to 3.8-fold in patients with stage 4 CKD, and... 

Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, et al. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States Evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood 2004 104(8) ... 

In the U.S., the central nervous system syndrome is usually more common among children, and the gastrointestinal syndrome is more prevalent in adults. Exposure to lead is also linked to decreased fertility in men. Lead is a probable human carcinogen, based on sufficient animal evidence. Populations at increased risk of toxicity from exposure to lead include developing fetuses and young children, individuals with decreased kidney function, and children with sickle-cell anemia. 

The answer is D. Several vitamin deficiencies can cause anemia due to reduced DNA synthesis in the erythropoietic cells of the bone marrow, especially folic acid and vitamin Bj2 (cobalamin), which are particularly prevalent among elderly patients due to poor diet and reduced absorption. In addition, deficiencies of either folic acid or vitamin Bj2 could produce the megaloblastic anemia seen in this patient. However, the absence of neurologic symptoms, a hallmark of vitamin Bj2 deficiency, makes that diagnosis less likely than folic acid deficiency. 

P vivax malaria is the most prevalent type of infection and is characterized by periodic acute attacks of chills and fever, profuse sweating, enlarged spleen and liver, anemia, abdominal pain, headaches, and lethargy. Hyperactivity of the reticuloendothelial system and hemolysis are the principal causes of the enlarged spleen and liver these effects often result in anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperbilirubinemia. The cyclical nature of the acute attacks (48 hours for... 

Metformin can cause reduced vitamin Bi2 absorption, reducing serum Bi2 concentrations and causing megaloblastic anemia (87), the prevalence of which was 9% in 600 patients with type 2 diabetes taking biguanides (phen-formin or metformin) for a mean of 12 years (88). In 353 patients with type 2 diabetes, treated with insulin, who took metformin for 16 weeks in a placebo-controlled study, metformin increased serum homocysteine concentrations by 4% and reduced serum folate by 7% and vitamin Bi2 by 14% (89). 

The richest sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits (e.g., lemon, oranges), tomatoes, potatoes, green chilies, and human milk. Severe deficiency causes scurvy and is prevalent in malnourished infants, children, adults, alcoholics, and drug addicts. Symptoms such as bleeding gums, deformed teeth, brittle bones, impaired wound healing, anemia, and growth retardation are observed. 

G6PD deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any case of hemolytic anemia. It affects 400 million people worldwide with a wide variation in prevalence. It is very rare in the indigenous populations of northern Europe but increases to frequencies of 20% in parts of southern Europe, Africa, and Asia and up to 40% in certain areas of Southeast Asia and the Middle East. 

Carmel R Prevalence of undiagnosed pernicious anemia in the elderly. Arch Int Med 156 1097-1100,1996. 

Another study revealed effects, ranging from mild to severe, of benzene exposure in factory workers in China (Yin et al. 1987c). The primary activities in these factories were the manufacture of paints, shoes, rubber, leather, and/or adhesives (Yin et al. 1987c). Of the 528,729 workers, 95% were exposed to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and xylene, while 5% (26,319 workers) were exposed to benzene alone at 0.02-264 ppm in air in 95% of the work stations. Over half of the work stations had levels of benzene in the air of less than 13 ppm about 1% had levels of 13-264 ppm. Benzene toxicity, as indicated by leukopenia (leukocyte <4,000/mm3), aplastic anemia, and leukemia, was seen in 0.94% of the workers exposed to benzene and 0.44% of the workers exposed to the mixtures. Similar toxicity was found in employees of 28 of the 141 shoe factories studied (124 cases in 2,740 employees) (Yin et al. 1987c). A positive correlation was observed for prevalence of adverse benzene effects and benzene concentration in data from these 28 shoe factories. The authors determined that the affected people were exposed to benzene concentrations >29 ppm. In one workshop, there were 4 cases of aplastic anemia in 211 workers. These workers were exposed to benzene at a mean concentration of 324 ppm during an 8-month period of employment. The prevalence of aplastic anemia in the shoe-making industry was about 5.8 times that in the general population. The main limitation of this study is the lack of information on the duration of exposure. 

S-FFF has been applied for the separation of living cells such as human, sheep, rabbit, and horse blood cells or HeLa cells [12,296,420,440-444] which, furthermore, could give insight into the growth and cell cycle distribution of cells in cultivation broths [444] or an estimation of the bacterial biomass in natural waters [445]. Blood components have been separated in the same apparatus [446]. Car-dot, Martin, and co-workers have shown that abnormal blood cells (from anemia or transfusions) can be distinguished from healthy erythrocytes in Gr-FFF [413,415]. In such channels, a prevalent parasite can be isolated from blood, suggesting a possibility for rapid diagnosis [414]. 

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