Common conditions

The water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR) is another descriptor of barrier polymers. Strictly, it is not a permeabihty coefficient. The dimensions are quantity times thickness in the numerator and area times a time interval in the denominator. These dimensions do not have a pressure dimension in the denominator as does the permeabihty. Common commercial units for WVTR are (gmil)/(100 in. d). Table 2 contains conversion factors for several common units for WVTR. This text uses the preferred nmol/(m-s). The WVTR describes the rate that water molecules move through a film when one side has a humid environment and the other side is dry. The WVTR is a strong function of temperature because both the water content of the air and the permeabihty are direcdy related to temperature. Eor the WVTR to be useful, the water-vapor pressure difference for the value must be reported. Both these facts are recognized by specifying the relative humidity and temperature for the WVTR value. This enables the user to calculate the water-vapor pressure difference. Eor example, the common conditions are 90% relative humidity (rh) at 37.8°C, which means the pressure difference is 5.89 kPa (44 mm Hg). 

Theoretical-steam-rate tables are available as separate publications. Table 29-8 covers some common conditions. 

TABLE 29-8 Theoretical Steam Rates for Steam Turbines at Some Common Conditions/ Ib/kWh... 

The most common conditions employed in the Madelung process are sodium/potassium alkoxide or sodium amide at elevated temperature (200-400 C). The Madelung reaction could be effected at lower temperature when -BuLi or LDA are employed as bases/ The useful scope of the synthesis is, therefore, limited to molecules which can survive strongly basic conditions. The process has been successfully applied to indoles bearing alkyl substituents. ... 

The composition of solutions that are used for washing and stripping of extracts is also different and is adjusted for each specific case however, some common conditions can be noted. It is recommended that the extract obtained following collective extraction, which contains both tantalum and niobium, be washed (scrubbed) using sulfuric acid solutions that contain at least 6 mol per liter of H2SO4. Collective stripping of the elements, on the other hand, can be... 

The most common conditions of possible failure are elastic deflection, inelastic deformation, and fracture. During elastic deflection a product fails because the loads applied produce too large a deflection. In deformation, if it is too great it may cause other parts of an assembly to become misaligned or overstressed. Dynamic deflection can produce unacceptable vibration and noise. When a stable structure is required, the amount of deflection can set the limit for buckling loads or fractures. 

Irritable bowel syndrome (DBS) is an exceedingly common condition in all societies, characterized by abdominal discomfort or pain in association with altered bowel habit or incomplete stool evacuation, bloating and constipation or diarrhoea, easily go undetected and do not show up with common tests such as blood tests or x-rays. The estimated prevalence in the community is about 10%. Irritable bowel syndrome and its variants, collectively called functional gastrointestinal disorders, constitute 40-50% of all the patients seen by gastroenterologists in Western countries. 

Osteoporosis is a common condition, in which bone density is decreased as a consequence of an imbalance between bone formation (osteoblast) and bone loss (osteoclast). This leads to fragile bones, which are at an increased risk for fractures. The term porosis means spongy, which describes the large holes seen in these bones. 

FIGURE C.7 The typical monatomic anions formed by a selection of elements in the periodic table. Notice how the charge on each ion depends on its group number. Only the nonmetals form monatomic anions under common conditions. 

Table 4.3 gives values of the molar volume of an ideal gas under a variety of common conditions. To obtain the volume of a known amount of gas at a specified temperature and pressure, we simply multiply the molar volume at that temperature and pressure by the amount in moles. Alternatively, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume. 

The easy homolysis of C-Br bond in CBr4 allowed us to conduct the radical chain reaction of CBr4 with 3,3,3-trifluoropropene under common conditions (benzoyl peroxide), although in this case the strong electrophiles are used as reagents (an addend and a monomer), i.e. a very unfavorable combination of polar factors for proceeding the process takes place (ref. 6). 

Of bromochloromethanes reacting mainly at C— Br bonds, bromotrichloro-methane has been the most investigated compound. Both the various monomers and diversified routes of initiations were used in the studies of CCl3Br. The addition of bromotrichloromethane to a-olefines under common conditions of radical initiation has been described by a number of examples (ref. 3). 

The anxiety disorders are a case in point. They comprise a range of conditions contiguous with the affective disorders and the stress responses (Table 4.1). Much overlap and comorbidity exist. Furthermore, definitions and diagnostic criteria have changed substantially over the years. For example, generalized anxiety disorder is a rare condition in its pure form, but a common condition if comorbid phobic and depressive disorders are accepted. 

The adrenal glands are important in the synthesis and regulation of key hormones. They play a crucial role in water and electrolyte homeostatsis, as well as regulation of blood pressure, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, physiologic response to stress, and sexual development and differentiation. This chapter focuses on pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of the two most common conditions associated... 

Mazzone MF, McCue T. Common conditions of the achilles tendon. 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

As outlined in the excellent review by Gilles and Brogden [9], the current indications for rifaximin include surgical prophylaxis and the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, infectious diarrhea and intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndromes. As such, rifaximin is aimed only at enteric flora. Owing to its lack of absorption, rifaximin will likely not be used for other conditions or indications. Such limited indications should help preserve the activity of the agent, since overuse for common conditions like urinary or respiratory tract infections will naturally not occur. Limited use should help retard the development of resistance among enteric flora. 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. The most common conditions comprising COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 

Gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis and hiatus hernia are increasingly common conditions in old age. Both morbidity and mortality from bleeding stomach ulcers have increased in persons over 75 and this is in contrast to the lowered incidence in other... 

It is important to be aware of the fact that orthostatic hypotension is a common condition in the elderly and can lead to injuries and lowered quality of life. Drug treatment for cardiovascular, neurological and psychiatric disorders can cause hypotension as a side effect. The treatment of orthostatic hypotension should be concentrated on behavioural adaptation, intake of water and salt and in some cases drug treatment is necessary. 

Orthostatic hypotension is a common condition in the elderly and can lead to injuries and lowered quality of life... 

EBM (3), inappropriate drugs (4), correct dose (2), food interactions (8), personalised medicine (10), renal elimination (2), common conditions (5), neuro-psychiatric disorders (6)... 

Further, if we follow these ideas through, we may find at least one reason why the monomers containing hetero-atoms appear to polymerise so much more rapidly than the hydrocarbons under the most common conditions. The reason may well be that because for these n-donor monomers the KM is much greater than for the 7t-donors, the fraction of the Pn+M chain-carriers is much greater than that of the much more slowly growing Pn+A. In other words, it is a question of the composition of the ionic population rather than of rate-constants, although these may, of course, contribute to the effect. This idea is open to test by measurements of KM and kp+, kp+M, and kp. ... 

The synthesis was performed under common conditions using the Fmoc-, Boc-, and... 

Narcolepsy does not receive much media attention, but it is a surprisingly common condition. It is estimated that about one in every one to two thousand people has narcolepsy. 

Well-known medical conditions in which oxygen supply to muscles is reduced are an attack of asthma, emphysema or heart failure. However, probably the most common condition is atherosclerosis. If the femoral arteries are affected by atherosclerosis, ATP generation from fuel oxidation may not be sufficient to satisfy the energy requirements of even mild physical activity (e.g. walking) and rapidly... 

Research on spin-charge separation in distonic ion-radicals has been carried out in recent years with an emphasis on theoretical calculations. Experiments were performed to prove their existence and observe their behavior in a mass spectrometer chamber. The next step is likely to emphasize the synthesis of the distonic ion-radical salts, which could be stable under common conditions. Applications of the salts would be possible in creating magnetic, conductible media and other materials possess practically useful properties. The attractive strength of distonic ion-radicals is that they can enter ionic reactions at the charged site and radical reactions at the radical site. Success in this direction can open a new window in terms of organic reactivity. 

COMMON CONDITION TO HAVE OIL HERE - ACCEPTED STANDARD... 

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