Race/ethnicity

Gender Ethnicity/race Personality Time issues Mentor s personal style Mentee needs... 

BMJ, Editorial "Ethnicity, Race, and Culture Guidelines for Research, Audit, and Publication," BMJ, 312, 1094 (1994). 

In sununaiy, all individuals can be influenced by the concept of culture, which can be defined on the basis of ethnicity, race, gender, or age. The scarcity of studies on how culture influences psychopharmacology indicates that more research is needed. 

Gracia, Jorge, and Pablo De Greiff, eds. 2000. Hispanics/Latinos in the United States Ethnicity, Race, and Rights. New York Routledge. 

These models address how individual identity or identities develop. Identity can pertain to ethnicity, race (as a social identity), gender, disability, age, culture, and more. Early stages in the development of an identity typically reflect ignorance or lack of... 

See William j. Chambliss, Crime Control and Ethnic Minorities Legitimizing Racial Oppression by Creating Moral Panics , in Darnell Hawkins (Ed.), Ethnicity, Race and Crime (Albany State University of New York Press, 1995). 

Race/ ethnicity (African Americans, Hispanic/ Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans)... 

Heart failure is more prevalent and associated with a worse prognosis in African-Americans compared to the general population.1 Unfortunately, deficiencies in disease prevention, detection, and access to treatment are well documented in minority populations. African-Americans and other races are underrepresented in clinical trials, compromising the extrapolation of results from these studies to ethnic subpopulations. The influence of race on efficacy and safety of medications used in HF treatment has received additional attention with... 

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and heredity. Ischemic stroke risk is increased in those greater than 55 years of age, in men, and in African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. It is also increased in those with a family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include a number of treatable disease states and lifestyle factors that can greatly influence overall stroke risk. Hypertension is... 

Race or ethnicity (Native American, Latino/Hispanic-American, Asian-American, African-American, and Pacific Islanders)... 

Over 66.8 million people worldwide have glaucoma, making it the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.1 In the United States it is estimated that 2.22 million people are affected by POAG, and by 2020 this number will increase to 3.36 million. The prevalence varies with race and ethnicity and it is 3 to 5 times more prevalent in African-Americans than Caucasians. The prevalence of POAG increases with age and is rarely seen in patients less than 40 years of age.2-4... 

The prevalence of PACG is lower than that of POAG and varies significantly by race and ethnicity. It is low in patients of European descent (0.09% to 0.16%) but higher in patients of Chinese (1.3%), Eskimo (2.9% to 5%), and Asian Indian (4.33%) descent. PACG is also more prevalent with increasing age and female gender.5,6... 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

Table 89-1 summarizes the possible factors associated with prostate cancer.2 The only widely accepted risk factors for prostate cancer are age, race/ethnicity, and family history of prostate cancer.2 The disease is rare under the age of 40 years, but the incidence increases sharply with each subsequent decade, most likely because the individual has had a lifetime exposure to testosterone, a known growth signal for the prostate.3... 

Before going on to analyze the importance of taking cultural factors into account in order to correctly identify symptoms and, therefore, to reach a correct diagnosis and apply a suitable treatment, we are going to briefly review some of the terms frequently used to talk about cultural factors, such as race or ethnicity, as well as acculturation. Despite their widespread use both by laypersons and in academic spheres, these terms have rarefy been defined and on occasions are even used indistinctly (Adebimpe, 1994). 

In view of the different manifestations of psychopathological behaviors found in diverse groups that cannot be adequately accounted for by factors concerning race, ethnic group or the acculturation process, Agbayani-Siewert et al. (1999) put forward a model that allows direct examination of the impact of cultural factors on psychopathological manifestations, while continuing to include structural social factors. 

Lin, K.M. (2001b). Biological differences in depression and anxiety across races and ethnic groups, /. Clin. Psychiatry, 62 (13), 13-19. 

US Department of Health and Human Services (2001). Mental health culture, race, and ethnicity - a supplement to mental health a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 

Lanphear et al. (1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998b) studied factors affecting PbB levels in urban children and found the following independent predictors of children s PbB levels dust lead loading in homes, African-American race/ethnicity, soil lead levels, ingestion of soil or dirt, lead content and condition of painted... 

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