Aluminium abundant element

Of the five Group III elements, only boron and aluminium are reasonably familiar elements. Aluminium is in fact the most abundant metal, the third most abundant element in nature, but the other elements are rare and boron is the only one so far found In concentrated deposits. 

The nuclei of iron are especially stable, giving it a comparatively high cosmic abundance (Chap. 1, p. 11), and it is thought to be the main constituent of the earth s core (which has a radius of approximately 3500 km, i.e. 2150 miles) as well as being the major component of siderite meteorites. About 0.5% of the lunar soil is now known to be metallic iron and, since on average this soil is 10 m deep, there must be 10 tonnes of iron on the moon s surface. In the earth s crustal rocks (6.2%, i.e. 62000ppm) it is the fourth most abundant element (after oxygen, silicon and aluminium) and the second most abundant metal. It is also widely distributed. 

Aluminium is the most abundant element of the lithosphere. Although a large number of persons are exposed world-wide to Al, the incidence of pulmonary effects is low (Schaller et al. 1994). In the 1970 s the effect of Al appearing in dialysis solutions on the central nervous system has become weU known. Increased Al could also be detected in several brain regions of patients with Alzheimer s disease. For the determination in biological materials the most widely used method is GF-AAS. 

Iron, element 26 in the periodic table, is the fourth most abundant element of the earth s crust and, after aluminium, the second most abundant metal. In the middle of the first transition... 

In the earth s crust the abundant elements are oxygen, silicon, aluminium and iron. 

You may, for example, see it written that aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth s crust . This, of course, does not mean that macroscopic particles of the light, silvery metallic substance from which jumbo jets and saucepans are largely fabricated are to be found in nature. Element has become a collective term, and encompasses all the atoms having a particular atomic number, regardless of their state of chemical combination. We must therefore be careful to refer to an elemental substance if that is what we mean. Thus when we say that lead occurs in sulphide minerals , we are referring to an element the statement that lead reacts only slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid obviously... 

Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the earth s crust and is used widely in the manufacture of construction materials, wiring, packaging materials and cookware. The metal and its compounds are used in the paper, glass and textile industries as well as in food additives. Despite the abundance of the metal, its chemical nature effectively excludes it from normal metabolic processes. This is due largely to the low solubility of aluminium silicates, phosphates and oxides that result in the aluminium being chemically unavailable. However, it can cause toxic effects when there are raised concentrations of aluminium in water used for renal dialysis. These effects are not seen when aluminium is at the concentrations usually present in drinking water. There is currently much activity to examine the factors that influence uptake of aluminium from the diet. 

The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, after which come the metals aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and titanium. 

Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth s crust, but, under feasible industrial conditions, can only be extracted by electrolysis. The process used is the electrolysis of aluminium hydroxide in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) at 1030°C, pure aluminium hydroxide having been prepared from the mineral bauxite (hydrated aluminium oxide containing silica and some metal oxides such as iron) by the Bayer process. The cathode is carbon covered by molten aluminium metal and the anode is carbon, the total reaction being... 

Aluminium is an environmentally abundant element and has no known biological function in living cells. On the other hand, A1 exhibits biological toxicity as demonstrated in experimental models." " Intake and output of aluminium for the healthy population from various sources, biological monitoring of occupational aluminium exposure in serum and speciation analysis of the amount and composition of A1 species with high and low molecular masses, have been reviewed by several groups. Besides the use of mass spectrometric and non-mass spectrometric techniques (e.g., ETAAS after separation of human serum proteins ) ESI-MS-MS analysis has also been performed to identify the A1 species. 

Aluminium is the third most abundant element on earth but it is known to have toxic effects that cause brain disease, bone disease, and anaemia. There is concern especially in relation to its possible role in Alzheimer s disease. The changes observed in animals exposed to aluminium are similar to those observed in patients with Alzheimer s disease. Aluminium has been found in some areas of the brain of victims of Alzheimer s at levels not too dissimilar from that in the brains of the animals exposed. Some of the findings and their interpretation are controversial. Unfortunately, the amounts of aluminium absorbed by the residents of Camelford are... 

Silicon is the most abundant element in the earth s crust excluding oxygen (at 26% it is about 3.5 times as plentiful as the next most abundant element, aluminium). It is therefore fortunate for experimental mineralogy, geochemistry, ceramics and inorganic materials generally that Si is a nuclide from which useful NMR spectra can readily be obtained. The growth in the development and application of solid state NMR spectroscopy in materials science owes much to the success of the technique with this ubiquitous element. 

In particular, Al MAS NMR in sohds has, in the past, been something of a disappointment in comparison with, for example, Si, a sister nucleus which gives highly resolved MAS spectra. This was very unfortunate, since aluminium is the second most abundant element in the Earth s crust, and over half of all known minerals are sihcates and aluminosihcates. It is thus highly desirable for chemists, mineralogists, metallurgists, and materials scientists to be able to obtain high-resolution spectra of this nucleus. 

The crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere formed mainly by release of materials from within the upper mantle of the early Earth. Today, ocean crust forms at midocean ridges, accompanied by the release of gases and small amounts of water. Similar processes probably accounted for crustal production on the early Earth, forming a shell of rock less than 0.0001% of the volume of the whole planet (Fig. 1.2). The composition of this shell, which makes up the continents and ocean crust, has evolved over time, essentially distilling elements from the mantle by partial melting at about 100 km depth. The average chemical composition of the present crust (Fig. 1.3) shows that oxygen is the most abundant element, combined in various ways with silicon, aluminium (Al) and other elements to form silicate minerals. 

The most striking facts concerning this group are in connection with the abundance of the elements. Aluminium is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element that we know, making up 7.28 per cent1 of the world which we are able to examine. With the exception of boron nil the other elements of this group are scarce, and some of them are among the least common of all the elements of the periodic table. 

Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the earth s crust and industrial use of this metal is in the tens of millions of tons per year. Aluminium has found applications in construction, electrical equipment, furnishings, transportation, containers, pharmaceuticals and many other items encountered in daily life. Exposure to aluminium. 

Topmost in the list of the most abundant elements are oxygen, silicon, and alumininin. Man breathed oxygen unaware that it is a chemical element up to the end of the 18th century. Silicon is the earth s main material but it was discovered only in the 19th century just as aluminium although clay (alumina) had been used for ages. 

Aluminium has long been considered a non-toxic and non-essential element. Today, however, some of its adverse health effects are known. The content of aluminium in the Earth s crust is 8% and aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon). The content of aluminium in biological materials is low to trace (e.g. 10-50 mg/kg dry matter in grass, 100-300 mg/kg dry matter in leaves of trees and 0.2-0.6 mg/kg in animal tissues), except the lungs that contain aluminium at a level of 20-60 mg/kg. 

Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in the earth s crust, amounting to about 8% it is the third most abundant element. Aluminium is ubiquitous in soil, clay, rocks, and even in water. It occurs in the form of chemical compounds (in the oxidation state A1 (111+)), but never as an unoxidised metal (oxidation state 0). 

After aluminium, iron is the most abundant metal and the fourth most abundant of all the elements it occurs chiefly as oxides (for example haematite (FCjO,), magnetite (lodestonej (FC3O4) and as iron pyrites FeSj- Free iron is found in meteorites, and it is probable that primitive man used this source of iron for tools and weapons. The extraction of iron began several thousand years ago, and it is still the most important metal in everyday life because of its abundance and cheapness, and its ability to be cast, drawn and forged for a variety of uses. 

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